The African Quarterly Social Science Review (AQSSR) is a distinguished peer-reviewed journal published by AJER Publishing Inc. in academic and research collaboration with Interfaith Global University, Rostov State Transport University, ARTIFEX University of Romania, Don State Technical University, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine and Fotabe University of Cameroon among other partner institutions and universities worldwide. Bridging intellectual exploration with an unwavering commitment to excellence, AQSSR serves as a beacon for scholars, students, and educators by providing a vibrant platform for peer-reviewed research articles and empirically driven works. Established in East Africa and headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya, the journal thrives in a vast and wealthy ecosystem of reviewers, editors, and participants drawn from faculty, prestigious universities, seasoned researchers, and respected research institutions within the academic and research communities of various African countries. Our mission is to cultivate a dynamic environment that not only provides access to the latest literature and innovations in the social sciences but also fosters the exchange of ideas and expertise in Africa and beyond. Emphasizing empirical research, meta-analysis, and systematic reviews, AQSSR upholds rigorous standards through a meticulous peer-review process, ensuring that only the highest-quality research contributes to our publications. Deeply rooted in a rich ecosystem of reviewers, editors, and contributors from esteemed universities and respected research institutions worldwide, our journal boasts a global reach extending to thousands of libraries. We firmly believe in open access to knowledge, allowing unrestricted access, distribution, and reproduction of published works. Authors are the lifeblood of AQSSR, and we offer comprehensive support throughout the publishing journey. Whether guiding initial submissions or providing assistance with revisions, we invite you to embark on your academic journey with us, contributing to the advancement of empirical research and the exchange of multidisciplinary knowledge. AQSSR welcomes you to share your insights with the world, shaping the future of scholarly endeavors.
Gendered dimensions of emerging security threats: Exploring the nexus of climate change, violent extremism, and digital governance under the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda in Africa
This study examines the gendered dimensions of emerging security threats in Africa by analyzing the interconnected impacts of climate change, violent extremism, and digital insecurity within the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) Agenda. Despite normative advances under United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 and the African Union Continental Results Framework (2020–2030), implementation gaps persist due to structural inequalities, governance deficits, and widening digital divides. Guided by Structural Violence Theory, Intersectional Feminist perspectives, and Digital Governance Theory, the study investigates how environmental stress, extremist violence, and digital exclusion interact to shape women’s insecurity and constrain their participation in peace-building processes. A qualitative comparative approach is employed, drawing on document analysis and regional synthesis from the Sahel, Horn of Africa, and Great Lakes regions. Findings show that climate-induced displacement, resource scarcity, violent extremism, and digital harms such as online harassment and misinformation disproportionately affect women and girls, reinforcing economic marginalization, gender-based violence, and political exclusion. The study further finds that these dynamics are mutually reinforcing, producing a systemic pattern of structural violence across regions. The study recommends the integration of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms into WPS frameworks, the strengthening of gender-responsive digital governance, the mainstreaming of climate security into WPS National Action Plans, and expanded investments in women’s digital inclusion, capacity building, and inter-sectoral coordination. The study concludes that addressing women’s insecurity in Africa requires an integrated, intersectional, and multi-sectoral approach that links climate governance, countering violent extremism, and digital inclusion within a strengthened WPS agenda.
Copyright (c) 2026 Roselyne N. Pepela, James Omondi Juma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
La dynamisation de l’enseignement-apprentissage de l’expression orale en français au Rwanda
Cette étude porte sur la didactique de la compétence communicative en français au Rwanda. Au Rwanda, avant 2008, le français occupait le statut de langue officielle et de langue d’enseignement. Depuis lors, le français est devenu une langue étrangère. Il est enseigné comme cours. Cette langue est plus utilisée à l’écrit qu’à l’oral. Le but de cet article est d’indiquer certaines stratégies pour redynamiser et revitaliser l’enseignement-apprentissage de la compétence de l’expression orale en français au Rwanda. Cette recherche a été menée pour explorer profondément la situation de la production orale en français qui se manifeste au Rwanda. Les méthodes mixtes ont été utilisées pour la collecte et l’analyse des données. La population cible de l’enquête est de 1 668 élèves des écoles secondaires et 54 enseignants. Elle s’est effectuée sur l’échantillon de 318 élèves et 12 enseignants de français par sondage non probabiliste intentionnel. La compétence de l’expression orale baisse d’environ 10 % par rapport aux autres compétences enseignées dans les écoles au Rwanda, alors que l’enseignement de cette compétence est moins privilégié de 15 % par rapport à l’enseignement d’autres compétences. Les résultats du questionnaire, de l’interview et de l’observation parrainés par les théories de l’interactionnisme et du socioconstructivisme ont prouvé qu’il est possible d’améliorer l’enseignement-apprentissage des expressions orales en français dans les écoles au Rwanda. Le lecteur de cet article va sortir avec une connaissance complète sur la situation d’enseignement et apprentissage de l’oral en français, au Rwanda. Que les institutions habilitées au secteur de l’éducation fassent tout mieux que l’oral en français, soit dynamisé notamment pour les instructeurs et pour les apprenants.
Copyright (c) 2026 Patience David Mbonabuca, Joséphine Tuvuzimpundu, Aimable Rugigana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Support mechanisms needed by re-admitted teenage mothers after rejoining secondary education in selected secondary schools in Nzega District, Tanzania
This study aimed to identify support mechanisms needed by re-admitted teenage mothers to cope with challenges after rejoining secondary education in Nzega District, Tanzania. This study is situated in theoretical foundation of Ecological Systems Theory. The study adopted a qualitative research approach and a hermeneutic phenomenological design to explore the experiences of the participants. The study employed 19 participants including eight teenage mothers, five school academic masters and six peers of teenage mothers. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussion and analysed thematically. The study found that to cope with challenges teenage mothers needed psychosocial and emotional support in terms guidance and counselling and ensuring inclusive school climate within school environment. The findings show that teenage mothers needed monetary assistance and material assistance. Furthermore, the findings revealed that school-based childcare facilities are essential for supporting successfully reintegration of teenage mothers into secondary education. Thus, they needed childcare support centers within or near schools as this could help reduce absenteeism and improve learners’ concentration. The study concludes that effective support systems are required for successful re-admission of teenage mothers into secondary education. The study recommends that there should be collaborative efforts among schools, families, communities, and policymakers to strengthen and implement comprehensive school re-entry support systems. This can be done through the provision of psychosocial and emotional support financial and material support, and establishing childcare support services within or near schools. To capture diverse experiences and strengthen the applicability of the findings, future studies should extend to various districts to examine the support mechanisms required by teenage mothers in secondary schools.
Copyright (c) 2026 Josiah Norman Kazenga, Ecloss Munsaka, Mubanga Mofu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of employee involvement strategies in decision-making on employee performance in level four and three public health facilities in Vihiga County, Kenya
Although the government has invested heavily in the health sector, public health institutions continue to operate below the expected standards, as highlighted in the 2023 report by the Kenya Medical Practitioners. Similarly, the World Health Organization observed that the quality of healthcare services provided in Kenya’s public health system falls short of the essential principles of quality care, which emphasize privacy, dignity, choice, safety, autonomy, and fulfillment. This study examined the effect of employee involvement strategies in decision-making on employee performance in level four and three public health facilities in Vihiga County. The study was guided by unitary theory. The study adopted a mixed research approach comprising a descriptive and causal research design. The study targeted a population of 765, that is, 499 from level four and 266 staff from level three. These were the healthcare workers comprising 318 nurses, 70 clinical officers, 31 medical officers, 47 laboratory technicians, 18 pharmacists, 11 nutritionists, 21 public health officers, 107 administrative officers, and 142 support staff. The study's total sample size was 263, using the Yamane formula. The study applied stratified, proportionate, and simple random sampling techniques. Structured questionnaires aided in data collection. A pilot study was done at Malava Sub-County Hospital in Kakamega County using 26 respondents as 10% of the sample population. Reliability was tested using Cronbach's Alpha, while validity was tested using content validity. The study analyzed data using both descriptive and inferential statistics, where descriptive statistics included frequency, mean, standard deviation, and percentages. Inferential statistics entailed Pearson correlation and regression analysis. Data was presented using tables and graphs. A positive effect was significant (β = 0.694, p < 0.05), where employee participation was responsible, as employees felt more motivated and more responsible when they were engaged in decision-making. The discussion has determined that strategic industrial relations are key drivers of employee performance in healthcare institutions. Employee involvement brings about ownership and motivation. County health administrators are advised to institutionalize participatory decision-making. The research suggests that public health institutions must institutionalize effective collective bargaining mechanisms that ensure equity and transparency in employment relations. There should be increased participation of employees through providing inclusive platforms where the staff can have a say in major decisions. The conflict resolution systems should be formal, transparent, and regular to reduce workplace conflicts in order to ensure peace. The communication systems need to be improved through encouraging open and timely, as well as feedback-based, channels that increase trust and accountability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kadenyi Maurine, Robert K.W. Egessa, Kelvin Machuki (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Determinants of poor implementation of strategic planning in the public sector in Tanzania: The case of DAWASA and Ubungo Municipality
Strategic planning has become an important management tool for public organizations in most countries including Tanzania. It is however, noted in the current public sector literature that this management tool has been poorly implemented in many developing countries. For instance, since the 1990s public organizations in Tanzania are required to implement strategic planning and by now the assumption is that most public organizations should have developed sufficient experience to effectively implement strategic planning. However, studies have demonstrated that most public organizations in Tanzania have poorly implemented strategic planning as their management tools. This study examines factors affecting the effective implementation of strategic planning in two selected public organizations in Tanzania, namely DAWASA and Ubungo municipality. This study is informed by institutional theory and by design it is a case study. The study used both primary and secondary data to achieve its noble mission. The target population of the study comprised 414 employees from both DAWASA and Ubungo Municipality In addition; two sampling techniques were employed; purposive and simple sampling techniques to obtain a sample of 165 respondents. Quantitative data from questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive statistics with SPSS version 26, while qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis to identify pattern of issues that are of interest in relation to our research objective. Our findings noted that both DAWASA and Ubungo Municipality have been implementing strategic planning as part of their service delivery tool. It is further noted that, although these two public organizations claim that strategic planning plays a critical role in enhancing their organizational performance, but strategic planning is poorly implemented in these two public organizations. Our study has further noted that factors such as resource constraints, poor alignment of resources with planned activities, resistance to change and bureaucratic procedures have significantly affected the effective implementation of strategic planning at the two public organizations studied. The study concludes that strategic planning has been poorly implemented due to factors identified. The study recommends that public organization to address factors that hinders effective implementation of this reform aspect so as to improve public service delivery. In addition, future research should be expanded to include more public organizations across regions for comparative analysis so as to broaden our insights into sector-specific challenges and best practices in implementing strategic planning in public organizations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andrew Sulle (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Promoting women’s democratic participation in local governance: The role of community radio in Damongo, Savannah Region, Ghana
This study explored the role community radio (CR) plays in promoting women’s political empowerment for participation in leadership and decision-making processes in the Savannah Region of Ghana. Guided by the Empowerment Theory and the Participatory Communication Theory, it examined how CR fosters agency, amplifies women's voices, and promotes inclusive political engagement. An exploratory case study design was adopted, focusing on Radio for Peace and Development (PAD) in the West Gonja Municipal Area. The target population of the study comprised institutions, experts, and individuals at the national, local, and community levels who were key stakeholders in Radio PAD, community radio, and women’s empowerment in Damongo and Ghana. A purposive sampling technique was employed to pick 18 respondents who included community women as the primary participants, as well as key informants such as the queen mother, chief, community radio expert, local political figures, a female political figure from the Savannah Region, and the Municipal Gender Desk Officer (MGDO). Data was collected using a key informant interview guide and a focus group discussion guide. The data was analyzed and organized into themes using thematic content analysis. Both deductive and inductive coding methods were applied. The findings revealed that patriarchal structures, cultural norms, and socio-economic barriers significantly hinder women’s political participation. Despite these challenges, radio PAD emerged as a platform for promoting women's participation through targeted programs such as Aboyamilso, Aboyagbon, and Within the Issues, as well as the broadcasts in local dialects to enhance accessibility and participation. The study concludes that in as much as community radio can be a meaningful catalyst in enhancing women’s political empowerment, broadcasting alone cannot dismantle deep-rooted barriers. This study recommended that radio stations, including Radio PAD, can implement gender-responsive programming with measurable inclusion targets. Government agencies like the NCA and the NCCE must establish policy guidelines that mandate content to be gender inclusive. District and municipal assemblies can also work alongside radio stations to develop civic educational programs and content that would cater to women in underserved communities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Winifred Esinam Agbolosoo, Assoc. Prof. Lawrence Naaikuur, Thomas Azagsiba Agana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A comparative study of priesthood in a religio-pluralistic society: Implications for a decolonised religious and moral education in Ghana
The study sought to examine the notion of priesthood in a religio-pluralistic society and its implications for the teaching of Religious and Moral Education (RME) in Ghana. The fundamental theoretical framework that underpinned the study is provided by the phenomenological approach to the study of religion. Using the qualitative comparative case study design, the study included an examination of authorised textbooks, a thorough literature review, and semi-structured interviews with five religious leaders (one Catholic priest, one Presbyterian ordained minister, one priest from Musama Disco Christo Church (MDCC) and two traditional priests from Asante and Fante backgrounds) who were purposively sampled. The data analysis was conducted by thematic and cross-case synthesis. The results point to a basic ontological difference in the idea of religious leadership. The priesthood is viewed as a sacerdotal or ministerial reality that involves mediation, sacrifice, and a unique ceremonial status in African Traditional Religions (ATR), Catholicism, and the African Initiated/Independent/Indigenous Church (AIC), specifically Musama Disco Christo Church (MDCC) as a case study. On the other hand, ordained ministry is specifically rejected as having a sacerdotal nature in the mainline Protestant traditions of Methodism and Presbyterianism, where it is understood as a representative and functional role within the universal priesthood of all believers. The study revealed that these models are frequently referred to by the general term "priest" in educational contexts, which causes conceptual uncertainty and distorts religious traditions. In accordance with the study’s findings, this misunderstanding presents a serious educational difficulty. It makes the case that interactive pedagogy, comparative modules, and improved teacher preparation are necessary for a decolonised RME curriculum to actively teach these differences. In Ghana's multicultural community, RME can more effectively advance social cohesiveness, respect for one another, and true religious literacy by cultivating a precise understanding of religious leadership. Such curriculum transformation is essential for fostering authentic religious literacy, mutual respect, and social cohesion in Ghana's multicultural society.
Copyright (c) 2026 Leo Andoh Korsah, Isaac Obiri Ampem (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The correlation between marital stress, perceived social support, duration of marriage and mental health of married women in Oshodi–Isolo area, Lagos Nigeria
The study explores the relationship between marital stress, perceived social support, marriage duration, and positive mental health in married women in the Oshodi-Isolo local government area of Lagos State. It also determined the mediating role of perceived social support on marital stress within the sample. The research is grounded on the theory that social support acts as a buffer to protect an individual from the negative consequences of stressful events. The study used a cross-sectional survey design to collect data from 385 married women who were randomly selected using these standardized instruments: the Marital Stress Inventory (MSI), the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and the Mental Health Continuum–Short Form (MHC-SF). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, moderation analysis, and multiple regression techniques. Results indicated a negative non-significant relationship between marital stress and mental health. In contrast, perceived social support demonstrated a significant positive relationship with mental health. The results also revealed that perceived social support significantly moderated the relationship between marital stress and mental health. Furthermore, duration of marriage was a significant predictor of positive mental health. These findings underscore the central role of perceived social support and marital duration in maintaining positive mental health among married women. It is recommended that married women utilize their social support systems, like family, to enhance their mental health and maintain enduring, stable marriages. They can also adopt resource-focused mental health interventions through other available channels like psychologists, trusted friends, and available non-governmental organizations that promote the mental health of citizens.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Uzochukwu N. Israel, Ifeyinwa Kpaduwa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mechanisms for the adoption of port automation to enhance cargo handling in Malindi port Zanzibar
This study examines the mechanisms behind the adoption of port automation technologies to improve cargo handling operations in Zanzibar. Specifically, it assesses the current state of cargo handling processes, evaluates staff and managerial perceptions and readiness for automation, and identifies key barriers to the implementation of automated systems. A cross-sectional research design was employed, utilizing a convergent parallel mixed-methods approach. The study was guided by the Technology Acceptance Model. The study population comprised 152 individuals, including port staff, customs declaration officers, shipping agency personnel, authorized clearing and forwarding, and shipping line agencies based in Zanzibar. The sample size was 108 individuals who were selected through purposive sampling and simple random methods. The response rate was 90, equal to 85.7%. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistical methods with the aid of Jamovi statistical software, and qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings reveal that 63% of respondents perceive cargo handling processes as only partially automated, while 93% report persistent operational inefficiencies, including berthing delays and yard congestion. Although some information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure is in place, only 45.5% of participants consider it adequate to support effective port operations. Furthermore, 80% of respondents highlight insufficient ICT training and an underdeveloped policy framework as significant challenges. The study concludes that, despite existing efforts to advance cargo handling automation, implementation remains constrained by interconnected barriers, including technological limitations, financial constraints, institutional fragmentation, and policy inadequacies. It recommends increased investment in integrated ICT systems, the development of targeted digital literacy programs for port personnel, and the establishment of a comprehensive national port automation policy with clear implementation strategies and institutional accountability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tasnim Yussuf Maalim, Abbas Mohamed Omar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Phonological constraints on English speech production among Kiswahili-speaking learners in Tanzanian technical education: A systematic review
Oral English communication skills are essential for success in learning and subsequent employment in the Tanzanian vocational and technical education environment, where tasks require effective interactions. However, consistent problems with pronunciation amongst Kiswahili-speaking students reflect a significant lack in the body of research and practice related to teaching English pronunciation, specifically in the area of phonological constraints. This paper examines segmental, suprasegmental, and orthographic constraints that impact spoken English communication and assesses the effectiveness of pronunciation pedagogy in terms of Contrastive Analysis Theory (CAT) and Speech Learning Model (SLM). A comprehensive literature review was conducted based on the guidelines proposed by the PRISMA model. Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were used to collect relevant articles. The results of the research showed that phonological constraints remain a problem that impedes communication in English. Segmental pronunciation problems occur as a result of the substitution of sounds; suprasegmental constraints impact intelligibility through stress and intonation patterns. In turn, the orthographic constraint reflects the inconsistency between spelling and pronunciation. Each of these phonological constraints is related to first-language transfer, perceptual processing barriers, and insufficient attention to pronunciation instruction. The study shows that existing approaches towards developing English pronunciation skills are insufficient. Therefore, the author suggests adopting explicit pronunciation teaching and learning strategies, increasing teachers’ awareness of phonology-based instruction, and integrating both segmental and suprasegmental aspects of phonological awareness into classroom practices. Also, more attention should be paid to context-based strategies, including audio-visual means of instruction. Moreover, curriculum and educational policymakers should include pronunciation skills as part of communicative competence requirements.
Copyright (c) 2026 Peter B. Kadilikansimba, Damas P. Mapuga (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Knowledge management, innovation acceleration and national competitiveness: A systematic review
Knowledge management (KM) has increasingly been recognized as a strategic resource for enhancing innovation and competitiveness in modern organizations. In knowledge-driven economies, organizations that effectively create, share, and apply knowledge are better positioned to accelerate innovation and improve their competitive performance. Despite growing interest in this area, existing research on the relationship between knowledge management practices, innovation processes, and national competitiveness remains fragmented across disciplines. This study conducts a systematic literature review to synthesize current knowledge on how KM contributes to innovation acceleration and competitiveness. Knowledge -Based View (KBV) of the firm and the National Innovation Systems (NIS) theory, emphasizes the role of interactions among organizations, university, research institutions and government agencies in generating and diffusing knowledge that supports technological advancement and economic development. The review follows the PRISMA guidelines and analyses peer-reviewed studies published between 2006 and 2023. Relevant articles were identified through structured searches in major academic databases and screened using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 54 articles were selected and evaluated using a quality assessment checklist. The findings indicate that effective KM practices, particularly knowledge creation, knowledge sharing, and knowledge application, play a critical role in accelerating innovation, improving organizational performance, and strengthening competitiveness. The review further highlights the importance of knowledge-based capabilities in supporting organizational learning and technological advancement within national innovation systems. Synthesizing existing literature, the study provides a clearer understanding of how KM practices influence innovation and competitiveness and identifies key areas for future research on knowledge-driven development and innovation policy. The study recommended structure that encourages cross-functional and platforms designed for collaboration and information sharing can strengthen knowledge flows when they are embedded within cultures of trust.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jackline M. Martine, Camilius A. Sanga, Philbert S. Nyinondi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Terrorism and civil war nexus: How terrorist tactics help or hinder insurgencies in Nigeria
In Nigeria, terrorism and insurgency reflect integrated security issues. During internal conflicts, insurgents use tactics aimed at the attainment of political, religious or ideological ends. This study investigates the terrorism–civil war relationship in terms of the immediate operational gains and the enduring strategic costs for Nigeria. Strategic Logic of Terrorism Theory was used to guide the study. Quantitative method was adopted in the study for data collection and analyses. A purposive sampling technique was adopted to select information-rich and relevant materials that directly addressed the objectives of the study. Data collection was based on documentary review, where relevant secondary materials were systematically gathered from academic databases, libraries, and credible online sources. This study discovered that various tactics were deployed to create terror and despondency among civilians and the government, including the use of suicide bombing and armed raiding of villages, as well as Improvised Explosive Devices [IEDs], attacks on key infrastructures, kidnappings for ransom, and psychological warfare and propaganda. It was established in the study that the use of terrorism in insurgency provides actors of the latter with immediate strategic gains; however, in the context of civil wars, the tactic of terrorism undermines the sustainability of the insurgency. The study, hence, suggests the need for the Nigerian government to build a unified national security database to provide a platform that consolidates intelligence across the military, police, Immigration Service, DSS, and local authorities. This unified approach should improve the country’s readiness to respond to the challenges posed by insurgents.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ember Yange (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
E-learning in the digital era: How e-learning system quality shapes student satisfaction in public universities in Kenya
This study examines the influence of e-learning system quality on student satisfaction in selected public universities in Kenya. Although the adoption of digital learning platforms following COVID-19 expanded in most universities, empirical evidence on the relationship between the quality of the e-learning system and student satisfaction remains underexplored. The Resource-Based View (RBV) theory and Information Systems Success (ISS) models guided the study. This paper employed a convergent parallel mixed-methods design. The study targeted 364,998 undergraduate fourth-year students, 2,031 deans, 20,771 lecturers, and 31 system administrators in six universities. A sample size of 446 participants—400 students, 20 deans, 20 lecturers, and 6 administrators—participated. The data were collected using questionnaires and interview guides and analyzed using descriptive, inferential, and thematic analysis. The findings revealed that e-learning system quality positively and significantly influences student satisfaction (B = 0.358, SE = 0.043, β = 0.415, t = 8.394, p = .001, p < .05, 2-tailed). This implies that a unit change in e-learning system quality is linked to a change of 0.358 units in student satisfaction. This paper recommends that universities invest in efficient assessment systems and education accessibility through digital inclusiveness in affordable data, mobile access, and offline collaborative user-friendly platforms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Annceta Mbiuki, Reuben Mutegi, Jeremiah Kalai (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Personal attributes influencing gender disparity in development of early childhood education teaching profession in Kakamega East Sub-County, Kenya
Education determines the ability of individuals to connect and communicate with one another. Despite this view, the gaps in education opportunities in most developing countries are large. Public schools in Kakamega East Sub-County haven’t escaped the waves of gender disparities that have affected both private and public schools in Kenya. This study, therefore, sought to establish personal attributes influencing gender disparity among early childhood development education (ECDE) teachers in Kakamega East Sub-County, Kenya. The study was supported by the social role theory. A descriptive survey study design was used, which is primarily concerned with the generic statistics that derive from the extraction of data from respondents. The location of study was Kakamega East sub-county in Kakamega County, Kenya. The target population was 1,106, including head teachers, deputy head teachers, teachers, program officers, and quality assurance officers (QUASO). Simple random sampling was employed to select 260 respondents, which constituted the sample size. Stratified random sampling was used to sample schools according to wards. Data was collected by the use of questionnaires and interviews with 37 head teachers, 37 deputy head teachers, and 184 teachers. A pilot study was conducted to validate the research instruments in advance. Cronbach’s alpha (α) as a coefficient method to establish the reliability of the research instruments revealed a coefficient of 0.783, which shows that the instrument was reliable. Data was collected from the teachers in line with the three study objectives using questionnaires and interview schedules. Data obtained from the research instruments were analyzed inferentially and descriptively with the help of a statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 22. Quantitative data was summarized to quantify the strength of the association between the variables; the researcher conducted a regression analysis to establish the effect of selected factors on gender disparity. Results were presented in tables. The findings revealed that personal attributes have a positive effect (β=.642, p<.05) and explain 40.9% of the variance in gender disparity. It was concluded that all the selected factors had a significant influence on gender disparity in the early childhood education profession. The study recommends that teachers undergo training to help them build on their personal attributes and develop a positive attitude towards ECDE learners.
Copyright (c) 2026 Manson Sichari, Roselyne Kadogo Sorhe (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Financial governance and education quality in decentralised basic education systems: Evidence from Gomoa West District, Ghana
This study examined the functionality of the financial governance system of basic education in the Gomoa West District of Ghana, with the aim of identifying evidence-based strategies for improving the quality of education. The study employed a qualitative research design grounded in a constructivist ontology and an interpretivist epistemology, guided by the effectiveness and efficiency theories. The target population comprised head teachers of public junior high schools and district education officers of the Gomoa West District Education Directorate. Three district education officers and nine head teachers were selected using expert purposive sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and supplemented by documentary analysis of the School Performance Improvement Plan (SPIP) and the Capitation Grant guidelines. Data were analyzed thematically. The results reveal that the district operates a formalized, policy-oriented financial governance system anchored in the SPIP, with well-developed structures for budgeting, stakeholder participation, and accountability. However, despite this structural progress, financial governance of basic schools in the district continues to be constrained by several challenges that impede the improvement of educational quality. These include inadequate, late, and irregular disbursement of the capitation grant; limited financial governance literacy among school leaders; and weak community involvement in accountability processes. Furthermore, the rigid implementation of financial regulations risks stifling local innovation in resource mobilization. It is recommended that the Ghana Education Service and District Education Directorate start intensive, sustained capacity-building programming for school leaders and district officers with an emphasis on flexible, context-sensitive budgeting within the SPIP structure. Furthermore, the Ghana Education Service (GES) in partnership with the Ministry of Education must institutionalize periodic mandatory training on financial management, resource mobilization, and compliance with financial accountability standards for all district education officers and head teachers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Roger Amoako (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of logistics management and organisational performance of manufacturing companies in Rwanda: A case of Africa Improved Food Rwanda Ltd.
The general objective of this research is to assess the effect of logistics management on the organizational performance of manufacturing companies. This research was guided by the following specific objectives were to establish the effect of material requirement planning on the performance of Africa Improved Food Rwanda Ltd, assess the effect of inventory control on the performance of Africa Improved Food Rwanda Ltd and assess the effect of transportation and distribution on performance of Africa Improved Food Rwanda Ltd. Three theoretical perspectives including Logistic Management Development Theory, Contingency Theory and Theory of Change were used to explain the outsourcing decision and underpin defining logistic management. The researcher used descriptive and correlational research design basing on a case study, where quantitative approach used. The study population was 68 consisted of finance and administration department, procurement department and Suppliers and sales agents of manufacturing. The researcher used census method rather than sampling due to the small population. The research collected data through questionnaire technique, interview and Documentation technique. The data analyzed by using both descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics such as Pearson’s correlation was employed to analyze the data. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS 25.0) used to determine various correlation and regression analysis. The regression coefficient (B = 0.409) indicates that a 1-unit increase in Material Requirement Planning leads to a 0.409 increase in Organizational Performance, assuming other factors remain constant. The t-value (t = 6.292) is high, indicating a strong statistical impact on the dependent variable. The p-value (Sig. = 0.000) is below 0.05, confirming that the effect of Material Requirement Planning on Organizational Performance is statistically significant. The regression coefficient (B = 0.282) shows that a 1-unit increase in Inventory Control leads to a 0.282 increase in Organizational Performance, holding other variables constant. The t-value (t = 4.476) is also high, demonstrating a notable influence on Organizational Performance. The p-value (Sig. = 0.000) is below 0.05, indicating a statistically significant effect of Inventory Control on Performance of Africa Improved Food Rwanda Ltd. The regression coefficient (B = 0.251) suggests that a 1-unit increase in Transportation and Distribution results in a 0.251 increase in Organizational Performance, assuming other factors remain unchanged. The t-value (t = 3.586) is relatively high, indicating a meaningful contribution to Organizational Performance. The p-value (Sig. = 0.001) is below 0.05, confirming that Transportation and Distribution significantly affect Performance Africa Improved Food Rwanda Ltd. The study concluded that material requirement planning, inventory control, and transportation and distribution have positive and significant effects on the organisational performance of Africa Improved Food Rwanda Ltd., with material requirement planning exerting the greatest influence. Accordingly, the study recommends strengthening material planning, inventory control, and transportation systems to enhance operational efficiency, customer satisfaction, and overall organisational performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ms. Jackline M. Martine, Prof. Camilius A. Sanga, Dr. Philbert S. Nyinondi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The influence of university research facilities on timely doctoral studies completion: Empirical evidence from Kenya
Doctoral education shapes the development of human capital as well as national innovation; however, Kenya faces low completion rates, with less than 30% of students graduating within the three-year policy, and in some public universities, the figure is approximately 11%. Although the reviewed studies focus on student factor, institutional management, supervisory practices, and funding models, the nexus between research facilities and timely doctoral studies completion remains underexplored. This paper aims to analyze how university research facilities affect the timely completion of doctoral studies at the University of Nairobi in Kenya. General systems theory and Tinto’s integration theory guided the study. The target population was 1,183 supervisors, 646 graduates, and 10 deans. The sample size was 339 respondents (182 supervisors, 147 doctoral graduates, and 10 deans). Stratified random sampling was applied to sample supervisors and students, while purposive sampling was applied to sample deans. Semi-structured questionnaires and interview guides were used in data collection. Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentages, mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (simple linear regression) in SPSS v25 were used to analyze quantitative data, and thematic analysis was used for qualitative data. The results reveal that research facilities have a positive and significant relationship with doctoral completion, according to supervisors (β = 0.229, p = .004, p < .05, 2-tailed), while research facilities had a positive and non-significant relationship with doctoral completion, according to students (β = 0.267, p = .259, p > .05, 2-tailed). The findings suggest that university research facilities influence timely doctoral studies completion. The study concludes that timely doctoral studies completion relies not only on the availability of research facilities but also on their accessibility, usability, and integration into the student’s academic environment. The study recommends the need to embark on user-centred and inclusive research infrastructure in higher education, beyond mere availability. Further, the study recommends increased investment in research systems and policy frameworks, and targeted training to support doctoral education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adan Ali Abdi, Prof. Phylisters Daizy Matula, Prof. Dorothy Ndunge Kyalo, Prof. Susan Yego Chepkonga (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The historical snags and triumphs of the Uganda Joint Christian Council (UJCC) in monitoring national elections in Uganda between 1963 and 2016
The Uganda Joint Christian Council (UJCC) was established in 1963, and its founding member Christian churches included the Protestants under Archbishop Leslie Brown, the Catholics under Archbishop Joseph Kiwanuka, and the Orthodox under Archbishop Theodros Nankyama. According to the Kampala Archdiocese Archives, UJCC was established with a number of objectives, which include, among others, that of enhancing democratic institutions in Uganda. The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UNUDHR), established on December 10, 1948, also encouraged UJCC. UNUDHR advances the people’s right to democratic elections and voting. It goes on to assert that election monitoring groups, ranging from local to party monitors, assist respective governments to hold free and fair elections. In this regard, UJCC widened its focus on promoting democracy and good governance. Since the latter can hardly be realized without holding national elections, UJCC embarked on the noble work of monitoring national elections in Uganda between 1994 and 2016. According to the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), election observation is a valuable gizmo for supporting the quality and integrity of elections. It further states that election observers/monitors help build public confidence in the honesty of the electoral process. As a religiously founded organization, politically, UJCC has been at the forefront of monitoring the national elections in Uganda, viz., from the pulpit to politics. This position is because UJCC wanted to promote people’s right to democratic elections and voting. Similarly, election monitoring promotes democratic elections as an essential element for sustainable democratic governments in a country. From its inception in 1963 up to 2016, UJCC experienced various challenges and achievements during the course of enhancing democracy in Uganda. Therefore, this article presents the snags and triumphs that UJCC experienced prior to and during the process of monitoring national elections in Uganda. The study was guided by the behavioral theory and the rational choice theory. This is because these theories correspond with the issue of election monitoring. Similarly, both theories encompass the rationality aspect in decision-making used by the individuals or agencies that are monitoring elections. Conclusively, the investigation of this article has historically echoed the concern of national elections monitoring in Uganda, with special reference to the experience of UJCC as an ecumenical body. The article has mirrored how the management of the electoral process in Uganda has been enriched to some extent, owing to the role of UJCC in the monitoring of national elections. UJCC and other monitoring agencies are recommended to develop a methodology and tools for monitoring the hurried government demarcation of the new districts and constituencies, especially as the national elections are looming. UJCC ought to outwardly and courageously caution the government/EC against the issue of creating ghost polling stations. Finally, UJCC Church members are encouraged to desist from the issue of government patronage and vote buying if they are to improve their mandate of election monitoring.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nansikombi Proscovia (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The nexus between maritime insecurity and land-based terror activities in Lamu County, Kenya
The threats of terror activities in the Indian Ocean led to the Kenyan government’s reaction to the maritime asymmetric threats by putting in place maritime security strategies. Despite these strategies, maritime environments continue to face challenges. The study examined the nexus between maritime insecurity and land-based terror activities in Lamu County, Kenya. The study was grounded on two theories: routine activity and securitization theory. Convergent parallel research design was utilized. The study area was in Lamu County. The target population of the study was 966, for which Slovin’s formula was used to derive a sample size of 320. Primary data was collected using questionnaires, an interview guide, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. Secondary data was obtained from police records, academic journals, books, policy papers, government publications, and online sources. The obtained data was analyzed with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27. The study established that external links in the Indian Ocean region contributed to the smuggling and illicit trade of weapons and drug trafficking at 66%, while maritime ecosystems and natural harbors allowed the freelancing of pirates by providing them with shelter and concealment at 50%. This situation has enabled terror groups to conceal their activities (66%) using small boats to exploit the maritime domain, leading to maritime insecurities that negatively affect the livelihoods of locals (84%). Based on the data, the statistical results highlight a compromised maritime security environment in the Indian Ocean Region. The findings indicate high rates of illicit activity, driven by exploitation of natural geography, which severely impacts local communities. The study concludes that the Indian Ocean region is facing a complex maritime insecurity nexus where weak governance and natural coastal features allow criminal and terror networks to thrive. Terror groups have leveraged this environment, utilizing small boats to conceal movements and exploit the maritime domain for attacks on land. The study recommends enhanced maritime domain awareness and surveillance using satellite and automatic identification system monitoring; strengthened law enforcement and regional cooperation, including joint regional patrols and legal framework enhancement; community-based resilience and livelihood protection, like inclusive maritime security with local fishing communities in maritime security dialogues and resource protection; and adoption of strategic counter-smuggling measures through geographic risk assessment and coast guard professionalization.
Copyright (c) 2026 Constar Haggai Katamu, Ferdinand Makhanu Nabiswa, Standslause Elijah Onyango Odhiambo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Peace and governance in Ghana: An analysis of the capacity and role of the police service in Ghana's peace architecture
This paper examines the intricate nexus between the police service's functions and the state's peace architecture. The states' pursuit of peace constitutes a non-negotiable endeavour, as it creates a conducive environment for holistic societal development. The structures of national peace architecture clearly demarcate the roles of key institutions. In Ghana, the police service is one of the fundamental institutions in the country's peace architecture. The institution's core function of crime control and prevention constitutes a major institutional framework for maintaining law, order, and peace. Utilising the theories of institutionalism and adaptive structuration (AST), this paper analyses the institutional capacity of the Ghana Police Service (GPS) relative to the country's peace architecture. Employing an explanatory case study design, the analysis blends historical and contemporary data from a target population of 30 purposively selected participants across four regions of Ghana to construct a coherent narrative of the police service's capacity for peace maintenance. Data were analysed using thematic analysis, which enabled the identification, coding, and interpretation of patterns within the qualitative data to construct a coherent narrative. The findings revealed that the GPS does not operate in isolation but serves as a central node within Ghana's integrated national security architecture, coordinating with military, intelligence agencies, and regional security councils to ensure unified, layered responses to threats. However, the findings establish that, despite its acknowledged centrality to peace, the GPS faces significant structural and operational challenges: resource constraints, particularly acute during large-scale events, public trust deficits stemming from perceptions of political interference, and training gaps in specialised areas such as crowd control and human rights compliance. Based on the findings, the paper concludes and recommends that to enhance its institutional capacity, the GPS requires sustained political will, adequate resource allocation, and commitment from all stakeholders. Also, there is a need for a depoliticised funding framework to address resource constraints; the establishment of independent oversight mechanisms to rebuild public trust; and the development of continuous, specialised training programs focused on human rights and public order management to effectively execute its mandate within Ghana's peace architecture.
Copyright (c) 2026 Cletus Kwaku Mbowura, Gbensuglo Alidu Bukari, Ishmael Ayanoore (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The influence of public relations promotional strategies on student enrolment in Tanzanian tertiary institutions
There is a deliberate effort taken by the government of Tanzania to increase enrolment in tertiary education, shifting from an elite education model to a mass education system to meet the demands of a growing economy; this makes the student enrolment process a crucial aspect of educational institution management. This study assesses the influence of public relations promotional strategies on student enrolment. The study was guided by framing theory, which posits that the way information is presented – its context, emphasis and wording – shapes how audiences interpret, process, and act upon it. The study employed a cross-sectional research design. The target population was students, public relations and administration officers from tertiary institutions in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The study used a sample of 120 respondents from tertiary institutions in Dar es Salaam, employing simple random and proportional sampling methods. Data were collected through questionnaires, and quantitative data were analysed through SPSS ver. 21 (IBM). The study findings revealed that media relations, government relations, community relations, customer relations, and marketing communications show significant influence (p < .05), which implies that those are strong strategies used by PR to influence student enrolment. The results showed that promotional strategies for public relations had a positive and significant effect on student enrolment at tertiary institutions. Public relations promotional strategies have improved their understanding and made them feel emotionally engaged. This understanding has made them confident and improved their trust in the institution and social well-being. Therefore, tertiary institutions' management needs to increase efforts in terms of PR competence and financial issues to enhance student enrolment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fredrick Elias Sanga (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effects of the work environment on agent retention in the life insurance industry in Zambia
High turnover among life insurance agents remains a significant challenge in Zambia's insurance industry, affecting service quality, customer relationships, and organizational performance. This study investigated the effect of the work environment on agent retention in the life insurance industry in Zambia. The study was guided by Herzberg’s Two-Factor theory. A descriptive cross-sectional mixed-methods design was adopted, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. Data were collected from 173 insurance agents using structured questionnaires and from 10 human resource managers through semi-structured interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The findings revealed that work environment has a positive and statistically significant effect on agent retention (β = 0.638, p < 0.001). The adjusted regression model explained 44.3% of the variation in agent retention (Adjusted R² = 0.443), indicating that workplace conditions play an important role in influencing agents' decisions to remain with their organizations. Qualitative findings further showed that supportive supervision, adequate work resources, employee recognition, and a positive organizational culture contribute to higher retention levels. Demographic characteristics such as gender, age, education level, and tenure were not significant predictors of retention. The study concludes that agent retention is largely influenced by organizational factors, particularly the quality of the work environment. Life insurance companies should therefore invest in creating supportive and conducive working conditions to improve agent retention and organizational sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chisenga Blessed Mwansa, Sidney Kawimbe, Burton Mweemba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of storage management on judicial service delivery of law courts within Western region in Kenya
This study aimed to analyse the effect of storage management on service delivery of law courts within the Western Region, Kenya. The study was guided by Resource-Based View (RBV) theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design and targets a population of law courts, namely Bungoma, Busia, Butali, Butere, Hamisi, Kakamega, Kimilili, Malaba, Mumias, Port Victoria, Sirisia, Vihiga, and Webuye. The study used a census method where data was collected through administering questionnaires and conducting interview schedules. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The Kisumu region was used to carry out a pilot study to ascertain the validity and reliability of the research instruments. Informed consent and confidentiality, which are ethical considerations, were observed during the study. Version 25 of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was for Windows. Descriptive statistics analysis tools included statistical measures of central tendency, including arithmetic mean and standard deviation, which were reported in tables as frequencies and percentages. The content analysis was used to analyse qualitative data, and descriptive or inferential statistics were used to analyse quantitative data. As a fair test of the relationship and association between two independent variables on a dependent variable, inferential statistics parametrically tested the hypothesis using Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Multiple Regression Analysis as a suitable test. The study found a statistically significant relationship between storage management (P = 0.001) and service delivery; thus, the null hypothesis was accepted at a P-value ≤ 0.05. The study concludes that storage management significantly affects judicial service delivery. Its findings will benefit policymakers, the government, and all court users in Kenya's Western Region. It recommends that law courts invest more in technology and infrastructure to improve judicial service delivery for litigants. Courts should continue integrating with their supply chain partners to enhance organizational service delivery. The study also suggests further research on inventory management technologies, particularly for controlling stock during receiving, data reporting, and issuing from the store.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bernard Khamadi Alusa, Evans Kwendo, Kelvin Machuki (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Work attitude as a mediator between experience, training, and post-promotion performance: Evidence from senior staff in Ghanaian public universities
This research aims to examine the impact of the factors commonly considered in the promotion of senior staff in public universities in Ghana and their influence on the post-promotion performance of senior staff. This study examines the employee’s experience, training, and performance as common variables, while the employee’s work attitude serves as a mediator among them. This study is grounded in the Social Exchange Theory (SET) and supported by the Ability, Motivation, and Opportunity framework (AMO). The research design is exploratory and quantitative. With data from a target population of 821 senior staff from the University of Ghana and the University for Development Studies and using Slovin’s formula to determine the sample size (268), the collected data through the administered questionnaire were used to test some suggested connections by using the Structural Equation Modelling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The data have demonstrated that there is a direct significant influence of training on performance (β = 0.484, p = 0.000) and also a positive effect on performance through work attitude (β = 0.113, p = 0.001). The data have also shown that the study does not align with previous research indicating that experience directly influences performance (β=-0.078, p=0.285); instead, it reveals that work attitude (motivation) can mediate the effect of experience on performance (β=0.012, p=0.371). The empirical findings have shown that training has a direct impact on the performance of the senior staff, and to increase performance, the enabling conditions (work attitude-motivation) must be created. The findings also indicate that experience alone has an inverse relationship with performance, necessitating the presence of work attitude-motivation to positively influence performance. It is recommended that universities consider the training of senior staff as a factor in promoting them for performance, and to enhance performance, they must create an enabling environment (work attitude/motivation). Again, it is recommended that, when senior staff are promoted based on experience, the enabling environment (work attitude-motivation) must be ensured to lure the performance of the staff. This study is beneficial for the university management to focus on the influence of experience, training, work attitude, and employee performance when it comes to matters of promotion in order to enhance post-promotion performance. The university policy document should incorporate training, attitude management, and performance management. In conclusion, training alone can be a driver of performance and must be considered a factor for promotion, while experience alone is not; the motivational factors must be there. This approach conforms to the social exchange theory.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mahmud Wakaso Andani, Issah Iddriss (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The nexus between fuel and food prices: A time series regression with Newey-West standard errors
This study examines the relationship between diesel prices and the prices of three staple food crops (maize, beans, and rice) using a time-series regression approach with Newey–West standard errors. It tests the common assumption that rising diesel costs increase agricultural production and transportation expenses, thereby driving up food prices. This study draws on cost-push inflation theory, agricultural household production theory, and time-series econometric theory. Using monthly time series data, the study applies unit root tests, Granger causality analysis, and Newey-West regression estimation to assess both dynamic and simultaneous relationships. The unit root tests confirm that all variables are stationary at levels, making them suitable for time series analysis. Granger causality results reveal heterogeneous transmission effects between diesel and food prices. Diesel prices Granger-cause rice and beans prices at the 5% significance level, while no causal effect is found on maize prices. In addition, there are interdependencies among food crops, with evidence of causality running from beans to maize and from maize to rice, indicating partial price transmission within agricultural markets. However, no reverse causality from food crops to diesel prices is observed, supporting the exogeneity of diesel prices in the system. The Newey-West regression results further show a statistically significant positive relationship between diesel prices and all three food crop prices. These findings highlight the critical role of fuel costs in driving food price inflation through production and transportation channels, although the magnitude of impact varies across commodities. The study concludes that energy price shocks are an important determinant of food price dynamics in Tanzania, with implications for both agricultural and macroeconomic policy coordination. Coordinated energy–agriculture policy integration is essential for enhancing food price stability and protecting consumers from external price shocks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bahati Ilembo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The role of literary works in multilingual societies: Preserving culture, promoting commination, and fostering social cohesion in Northern Province of Rwanda
This study investigates the role of literary works in multilingual societies, basing it on their contribution to cultural preservation, communication enhancement, and social cohesion. Within multilingual contexts, whereby multiple languages are used due to historical, social, or political factors, literary works act as a critical medium for expressing identity, transmitting cultural values, and fostering intellectual understanding. The study worked along with sociolinguistic theory to uncover the image of language in society and postcolonial theory to illustrate the way literature and language interplay with identity. This research uses a quantitative research approach using a descriptive research approach and critical analysis of literary work such as folktales, poetry, and novels through semi-structured interviews with educators and cultural practitioners. The research employs readers to give insights of perception of literature’s social influence. Through stratified sampling methods, 44 respondents were sampled from a total population of 50. Descriptive data was analyzed through descriptive statistics. The findings from questionnaires were recorded into the tables and interpreted by explaining the meaning of figures. The results illustrate that literature functions as a repository of cultural knowledge, preserving traditions and norms and keeping memory in societies experiencing language shifts or dominance of global languages. Transitions and bilingual publication support cross-cultural dialogue, improve second language learning, and encourage empathy among speakers of various linguistic backgrounds. Furthermore, shared literary experiences contribute to social cohesion, enabling communities to address social issues, amplify minority voices, and foster tolerance and inclusivity. Even if there are benefits, challenges, such as the dominance of global languages, lack of translated works, and literary barriers, constrain the reach and effectiveness of multilingual literature. The research concludes that literary works are useful instruments for sustaining cultural heritage, enhancing communication across language groups, and strengthening social unity in multilingual societies. It recommends increased support for local language literature, translation initiatives, integration of multilingual texts in educational curricula, and further research on youth engagement with multilingual literature. By highlighting the intersection of language, culture, and literature, this research contributes to sociolinguistics, literary studies, and cultural policy, providing insights into how literature can shape an inclusive, cohesive, and culturally resilient society.
Copyright (c) 2026 Albert Nshimiyimana, Joel Nikuze, Vedaste Ntagwabira (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The influence of regional integration on inflation volatility: Evidence from Tanzania in the East African community (EAC)
This study examines how East African Community (EAC) regional integration influences inflation volatility in Tanzania. The study uses the Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic (ARCH) and Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic (GARCH) family of models to describe the conditional variance dynamics. It is guided by Optimum Currency Area (OCA) theory, which suggests that sharing a currency decreases inflation volatility through policy coordination by increasing shock absorption due to labour and capital mobility and requiring symmetry among economic partners. Employing quarterly time-series data over critical integration periods, including the attainment of the Customs Union in 2005 and the Common Market in 2010, the findings show that regional integration reduces inflation volatility by encouraging trade convergence, improving monetary coordination, and strengthening expectation anchors. Under the Exponential Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (EGARCH) specifications, the estimated asymmetry and persistence parameters were found to be statistically significant, with integration reforms accounting for approximately 79% of quarterly volatility carryover. After 2005, mean-stable inflation with an average of around 1% characterises Tanzania, in contrast to persistently high inflation. However, post-reform turbulence and clustering of volatility point towards the risk of external shocks as a vulnerability for emerging markets aligned with commodity shocks. The results support the conclusions from the optimum currency area (OCA) theory, suggesting that integration fosters convergence and stabilisation, while revealing structural asymmetries such as the agrarian reliance on Tanzania and manufacturers’ tilt of Kenya, which are magnets for uneven volatility among member states. The policy implications of these findings advocate for the rapid operationalisation of the EAC Monetary Union, stronger fiscal surveillance, trade diversification, and the increased sophistication of econometric frameworks. Through enhanced integration that also tackles structural weaknesses, Tanzania and the EAC can create an environment in which inflation variability is a controllable risk rather than an insurmountable barrier to continued economic expansion. Building on these implications, this study recommends strengthening regional stabilisation mechanisms, such as dedicated stabilisation funds; enhancing agricultural productivity to reduce food price volatility; and deepening financial market development to improve monetary transmission. In addition, investing in cross-border infrastructure supports supply chain resilience, and adopting joint inflation-forecasting frameworks enables policymakers to anticipate and mitigate external shocks. Collectively, these measures will reinforce the foundations of integration and culminate in a successful monetary union (MU).
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Nicodemas C. Lema (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Availability of adolescents and youth sexual and reproductive health commodities in public healthcare centers in Tanzania following the adoption of supply chain integration
While more efforts and interventions are directed at improving the health of young men and women in many developing countries, this study posits that supply chain integration (SCI) is the pillar of healthcare facilities in ensuring the availability of adolescent and youth sexual and reproductive health (AYSRH) commodities. This descriptive study assessed the availability of AYSRH commodities in Tanzania with an emphasis on the ongoing implementation of SCI. The study focused on the downstream level of the AYSRH service delivery by observing the public healthcare centers in four regions of Tanzania and employed a cross-sectional facility-based analysis to describe the availability of AYSRH commodities. The results indicate that short-term AYSRH commodities (such as male condoms and oral contraceptives) have a high rate of availability compared to long-term commodities such as IUDs, implants, and STI starter packs. Also, the voice of the youth captured through youth exit-intercepts revealed how commodity stockout and long waiting time hinder them from receiving AYSRH services. The study underscores the SCI potential by revealing the current level of AYSRH commodity availability, which is mainly attributed to the ongoing integration between relevant healthcare actors. The study recommends that more emphasis be directed towards improving SCI to improve the availability of long-term contraceptives and STI treatment commodities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alfred Ain Sallwa, Henry A. Mollel, Leonada R. Mwagike (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Lived experiences of poverty and coping strategies of Gokwe–Nembudziya community in Zimbabwe
This paper is an empirical qualitative case study which explores the lived experiences of poverty and the coping strategies used by households in Gokwe -Nembudziya area in Zimbabwe. The study is guided by theories that included capability approach, poverty trap, dependence and sustainable livelihoods framework. The study is grounded in an interpretivist paradigm, and it employed a qualitative case study design. A total of 30 participants comprising household heads, small-scale farmers, informal traders and community leaders were selected using purposive and snowball sampling. Data collection was conducted using semi-structured in-depth interviews, one focused group discussion and participant observation and it was analyzed through thematic analysis. Fundamentally, the findings reveal that poverty in the study area is driven by several intersecting factors including exploitative market prices for cotton and produce, significant education and skills gaps, weak political leadership and governance, inadequate infrastructure, a lack of diversified livelihoods and donor-dependence syndrome. The study also identified the critical coping strategies that can be used to address the discovered coping mechanisms which include value addition and agro-processing, fair pricing and improved market access, investment in irrigation and climate resilient agriculture, empowerment of youth and women through education and vocational training and investment in suitable infrastructure. The study concludes that effective poverty reduction needs a multi-faceted approach that goes beyond relief-oriented solutions to address the structural and systemic causes of deprivation. In light of this, the study recommends a collaborative strategy that involves government, non-governmental organizations, and the community itself to champion investment in sustainable agricultural practices, education, infrastructure and economic diversification.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chomunorwa Rusakaniko, Taruona Douglas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Employability skills in the 21st-century among university business graduates: A gender-based analysis
This study examined the employability skills possessed by university business graduates in Ghana and explored gender differences in these skills. The Individual Differences Theory anchored this study. The study used a quantitative research approach and utilized a descriptive survey research design. The population comprised all business graduates, including 921 from the School of Business and 265 from Business Education, resulting in a total population of 1,186 graduates. A sample of 330 business graduates was selected using multiple sampling techniques to ensure representativeness. Primary data were collected through a structured instrument titled the University Business Graduates’ Employability Skills Questionnaire (UBGES-Q). Both descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 27. The results indicated that university business graduates possess a wide range of employability skills required by the labor market, suggesting that they are well-prepared to meet workplace expectations and enhance their employability prospects in the 21st century. Moreover, gender is associated with differences in certain employability skills among university business graduates, with male students reporting higher levels of communication and problem-solving skills. However, both male and female graduates exhibited similar levels of corporate sense skills. The study concluded that university curriculum serves not only as an academic framework but also as a vehicle for equipping graduates with practical, entrepreneurial, and adaptive skills aligned with the demands of the 21st-century labor market. The study recommended that university management should maintain and periodically review business programs to ensure alignment with labor market demands and 21st-century employability skills.
Copyright (c) 2026 Daniel Kweku Anhwere, Gabriel Kwasi Aboagye, Emmanuel Quayson, Theophilus Kwamena Ocran (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0