The African Quarterly Social Science Review (AQSSR) is a distinguished peer-reviewed journal published by AJER Publishing Inc. in academic and research collaboration with Interfaith Global University, Rostov State Transport University, ARTIFEX University of Romania, Don State Technical University, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine and Fotabe University of Cameroon among other partner institutions and universities worldwide. Bridging intellectual exploration with an unwavering commitment to excellence, AQSSR serves as a beacon for scholars, students, and educators by providing a vibrant platform for peer-reviewed research articles and empirically driven works. Established in East Africa and headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya, the journal thrives in a vast and wealthy ecosystem of reviewers, editors, and participants drawn from faculty, prestigious universities, seasoned researchers, and respected research institutions within the academic and research communities of various African countries. Our mission is to cultivate a dynamic environment that not only provides access to the latest literature and innovations in the social sciences but also fosters the exchange of ideas and expertise in Africa and beyond. Emphasizing empirical research, meta-analysis, and systematic reviews, AQSSR upholds rigorous standards through a meticulous peer-review process, ensuring that only the highest-quality research contributes to our publications. Deeply rooted in a rich ecosystem of reviewers, editors, and contributors from esteemed universities and respected research institutions worldwide, our journal boasts a global reach extending to thousands of libraries. We firmly believe in open access to knowledge, allowing unrestricted access, distribution, and reproduction of published works. Authors are the lifeblood of AQSSR, and we offer comprehensive support throughout the publishing journey. Whether guiding initial submissions or providing assistance with revisions, we invite you to embark on your academic journey with us, contributing to the advancement of empirical research and the exchange of multidisciplinary knowledge. AQSSR welcomes you to share your insights with the world, shaping the future of scholarly endeavors.
The theory-practice mismatch in proactive learner discipline management strategies: A mixed-methods study of Malawian secondary schools
Despite increasing policy emphasis on proactive learner discipline management strategies in schools, their implementation remains uneven in the Malawian education system. This study examined the effectiveness and practical application of proacttive discipline strategies in Malawian secondary schools using a mixed-methods embedded design guided by transformational leadership theory and choice theory. The target population comprised school management team members, student council leaders, education managers, and learners who had been suspended or dismissed. Quantitatively, a sample of 380 participants was drawn from twenty secondary schools using stratified random sampling, with sample size determined by the Yamane formula. Qualitatively, purposive sampling was employed to conduct in-depth interviews with 12 participants to capture their lived experiences with disciplinary management strategies. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive and independent-samples t-tests, while qualitative data was analysed through thematic analysis. The findings revealed a persistent gap between the recognition of preventive strategies and their consistent implementation. While clear school rules received strong endorsement (88.9%), learner participation in decision-making remained limited (56.6%), reflecting continued hesitation toward shared governance. Statistically significant differences were observed between boarding and day schools in the use of positive reinforcement (p = 0.045) and supervised study practices (p = 0.003), suggesting contextual variation in implementation. Qualitative evidence indicates that proactive efforts are constrained by limited resources, insufficiently trained counselling personnel, and entrenched fault-finding disciplinary cultures, resulting in largely reactive responses to learner misbehaviour. The study concludes that proactive discipline management in Malawian secondary schools is widely recognised but inconsistently implemented, making it more aspirational than operational. It recommends strengthening guidance and counselling services, enhancing learner participation, investing in positive reinforcement, and promoting supportive and proactive discipline strategies to improve learner behavioural outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wezzie Memory Mtika, Gift Masaiti, Kapambwe Mwelwa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Breaking barriers: Professional growth of women leaders in Ghanaian public universities
The study explores the professional growth of women leaders in two public universities in Ghana: the University of Mines and Technology and the University of Education, Winneba. A qualitative research approach, employing a case study design was adopted. Seven women leaders were purposively selected, and data were collected through in-depth, face-to-face interviews. The data were analysed thematically, guided by the gender theory. The findings revealed that the women leaders shared comparable experiences across their respective fields. A combination of career advancement, professional development, and active participation in development networks and associations shaped their professional growth. Key factors that facilitated their success included mentorship and strong support systems. However, the women also encountered significant challenges, including difficulties in balancing family and work responsibilities, socio-cultural constraints, and persistent gender stereotypes and discrimination. The evidence suggests that although the women leaders have made significant progress in their careers, their advancement continues to be influenced by both supportive factors and systemic barriers. The study contributes to the limited literature on women's leadership in higher education in Ghana. It offers valuable insights into general leadership dynamics and the specific experiences of women leaders within the higher education sector. The findings provide a deeper understanding of the barriers faced by women leaders and suggest strategies including gender-responsive leadership selection processes, family-friendly institutional policies, and gender mainstreaming units to support women’s advancement into senior administrative positions within Ghanaian Universities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abigail Adwoa Anooh Hagan, Mavis Amo-Mensah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An analysis of the implementation of the quality management system in the public sector in Tanzania: A case study of TANESCO Kinondoni South Region
This study examines effective implementation of Quality Management System (QMS) in the public sector in Tanzania, using Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited (TANESCO) at Kinondoni South region as a case study. The main objective is to assess the extent of QMS implementation and its impact on service quality. Guided by Total Quality Management (TQM) theory, a quantitative cross-sectional survey design was employed. Data were collected from 110 TANESCO employees selected through stratified and convenience sampling techniques. We used structured questionnaires to collect primary data. We analysed our empirical data using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings revealed that TANESCO has substantially implemented many aspects of QMS practices, particularly in the assessment of quality standards, monitoring and evaluation, and in determining performance accountability. Regression analysis further indicated that QMS practices have significantly influenced organizational performance, especially in service delivery as demonstrated by improved customer services, customer satisfaction and proper resource utilization. This study also noted that challenges such as inadequate employee training, financial constraints, and resistance to change continued to hinder effective implementation of QMS. The study concludes that effective QMS implementation enhances organizational efficiency, performance accountability, and service delivery in public sector organizations. It is recommended that public originations should strengthen employees’ training programs in the use of QMS, expanding the use of digital technologies, improving performance monitoring systems, and enhances top management’s commitment to ensure sustainable QMS implementation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Robert N. Kagali, Andrew S. Sulle (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Religious interpretation and response to climate and its changes in the pluralistic Ghanaian perspective
In a place like Ghana, with its diverse religious creeds and the cultural norms of pluralistic societies, climate change is understood through a number of religious epistemologies. Many people of different religions take different actions as if the problems are natural and therefore unique. However, limited attention has been paid to how Ghana's major religious traditions shape climate interpretations and environmental responses. This study examines how Christianity, Islam and African Traditional Religion shape interpretations of climate change, environmental behaviour, and climate governance in Ghana. Based on multi-disciplinary research in fields of environmental ethics, theology, and climate governance, the study argues that climate change in Ghana should be understood as a scientific, moral and spiritual challenge requiring interdisciplinary responses. It is thus not just managed with policy and technical measures, however, but is also managed through religious imagination, ritual practice, and moral language. The paper grounds Ghana in global conversations about religion and climate change through a qualitative interpretive synthesis of data. It finds that religious traditions in Ghana offer strong moral models for environmental stewardship, but also generate interpretive tensions that serve to heighten or hinder climate action. ATR stresses ecological balance and sacred-nature relations; Christianity vacillates between stewardship and dominion interpretations; and Islam values trusteeship (amanah) and moral accountability. The authors draw the conclusion that a dialogical interfaith environmental ethic is necessary for an effective climate response in the pluralistic Ghana. The study recommends that climate change in Ghana needs to be treated in a manner not reliant only on technological and policy solutions. Since religion continues to play a central role in generating public opinion, values and behaviour, climate governance should deliberately use the religious diversity of the country as a strategic resource for environmental sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adam Konadu, Georgina Tabi, Francis Xavier Mwinkom Kabir, Asante Gordon (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Examining the influence of head teachers’ instructional supervision on teachers’ pedagogical practices in government-aided primary schools in Lukaya Town Council, Kalungu District, Uganda
Pedagogical practices encompass the instructional methods, strategies, and approaches that educators use to facilitate learning and promote academic success. They form the basis of quality instruction in the teaching and learning process. Thus, the study examined the influence of head teachers’ instructional supervision on teachers’ pedagogical practices in government-aided primary schools in Lukaya Town Council, Kalungu District, Uganda. Guided by McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y, the study adopted a qualitative research approach with a multiple case study design to explore how supervision shapes pedagogical practices. The target population comprised the district education officer, inspector of schools, head teachers, teachers, and pupils from the seven government-aided primary schools in the four wards of Lukaya Town Council. Out of the targeted population of 140, only 103 were selected using purposive and simple random sampling techniques to participate in the study. These were the District Education Officer (DEO), the District Inspector of Schools (DIS), 7 headteachers, 35 teachers, and 59 learners. Observation, interviews, and focus group discussions were used as data collection instruments. Qualitative data were analyzed through coding, categorization, and were analyzed thematically. The study found that head teachers demonstrate a generally high level of engagement in instructional supervision. Further, the research indicated that teachers exhibit a commendable level of commitment to pedagogical practices. It also emphasized that there is a significant and direct relationship between the head teachers’ instructional supervision and teachers’ pedagogical practices in government-aided primary schools in Lukaya Town Council. The study recommended that head teachers in government-aided primary schools in Lukaya Town Council should institutionalize a robust instructional supervision framework on the preparation and supervision of pedagogical practices. It recommended that head teachers should equip teachers with the required skills to apply quality pedagogical practices in ongoing lessons. It also recommended that the Ministry of Education and other stakeholders should strengthen leadership development programs focused on instructional supervision and pedagogical practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 John Robert Inyalio, Creatoris Nayebare, Raymond Kibirige, Bernard Lutalo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Challenges in the management of land disputes and their impact on social cohesion in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya
Land disputes are a persistent and complex challenge in Kenya, particularly in multi-ethnic and agriculturally rich regions such as Uasin Gishu County. These disputes not only hinder socio-economic development but also undermine social cohesion, creating fertile ground for mistrust, ethnic polarization and violence. This qualitative study assesses the challenges the management of land disputes and their impacts on social cohesion in Uasin Gishu County. Guided by conflict theory. this study relied on in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and document reviews involving local administrators, community elders, land officials, civil society actors and residents of Uasin Gishu County. A total of 45 participants were selected purposive sampling comprising community elders, community administrators, land officers, representatives of civil society organizations, members of peace committees, and officials from the National Cohesion and Integration Commission. Qualitative data obtained from interviews, focus group discussions, observations, and document reviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed thematically. The findings revealed that land dispute management is constrained by bureaucratic inefficiencies, corruption and poor governance, ambiguous and complex legal frameworks, political interference and limited public awareness of resolution mechanisms. Socially, land disputes weaken trust, erode inter-ethnic cooperation, disrupt livelihoods and heighten the potential for violence, especially where historical grievances intersect with contemporary land pressures. The research concluded that effective land dispute management requires coordinated institutional reforms, transparent adjudication processes and community-driven approaches that promote inclusivity, dialogue and trust-building. Recommendations included strengthening alternative dispute resolution systems, streamlining land registration processes, improving public education on land rights and insulating dispute resolution from political manipulation. These insights contribute to the discourse on land governance and peacebuilding in Kenya and offer lessons for managing land-related conflicts in other volatile multi-ethnic regions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Moses Masika Wamukota, Frank Khachina Matanga, Ruth Naliaka Simiyu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Political economy of disinformation electioneering in Ghana: Explaining the effect on voter behaviour
Disinformation has become a structural feature of electoral competition worldwide, yet its drivers within political economy contexts and voter-level effects in emerging democracies remain underexplored. This paper analyses how party incentives, media market structures, and digital network dynamics shape disinformation electioneering in Ghana, and examines how exposure to such content affects citizens' institutional trust, turnout intentions, and vote choice. Drawing on the political-economics framework, disinformation is conceptualised as a low-cost campaign strategy yielding higher returns under conditions of political polarisation and weak fact-checking capacity. Using a cross-sectional design with a nationally representative voter survey (N = 1,200), exposure and belief were measured using validated scales. Statistical analysis employed OLS, logistic, and multinomial logit models, along with causal mediation analysis. Findings indicate that exposure to disinformation significantly reduces trust in democratic institutions (b = -0.20, p < 0.001) and reinforces partisan bias in vote choice (b = 0.08, p = 0.016). Although exposure slightly reduces turnout intentions, the effect is not statistically significant (p = 0.095). Media literacy emerges as a protective factor that strengthens institutional trust (b = 0.06, p = 0.021), though its influence on behavioural outcomes remains limited. Mediation results further show that affective polarisation explains part of the disinformation effect on voter behaviour. Based on the findings, this paper concludes that the winner-takes-all nature of Ghanaian politics, partisan media ecosystems, weak fact-checking infrastructure, and low digital literacy rates create conditions where disinformation flourishes as a rational campaign strategy. Ghana’s democracy in the digital age requires both structural reforms and citizen-centered interventions to address the phenomenon of disinformation proactively. This can reinforce the legitimacy of her electoral processes, maintain competitive party politics, and continue her trajectory as a stable and inclusive democracy in sub-Saharan Africa.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eliasu Mumuni, Gbensuglo Alidu Bukari, Musah Ibrahim Mordzeh-Ekpampo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Exploring teacher collaboration practices in public primary schools in Mwanza Region, Tanzania
This study assessed the levels of teachers’ collaboration practices in public primary schools in Tanzania. The study employed a convergent mixed design within the framework of a mixed research approach in the Ilemela and Misungwi district councils in the Mwanza region, Tanzania. The study was anchored in the Social Constructivism theory, which guided it. From a population of 2994 teachers in 218 primary schools, Yamane’s formula yielded a sample size of 352 that included ordinary, academic and head teachers and the key informants. Respondents were chosen from 44 schools in two districts to ensure that the study’s sample was both proportional and representative. Questionnaire, interview and documentary review were used in data collection. The quantitative data were analysed descriptively in terms of mean, standard deviation and skewness, while the qualitative data were analysed through content analysis. The study found that the levels of teachers’ collaboration were high. The study recommends the government to review and re-balance the work force as a strategic mechanism to offload teachers shouldering more teaching load than the recommended workload.
Copyright (c) 2026 Venant Fundi, Prisca Mbogo, Coletha Ngirwa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluating the effect of internal control systems on organizational performance in Zambia’s mining sector: Evidence from Konkola Copper Mines, Chingola
Internal control systems are globally recognized as critical mechanisms for ensuring financial accountability, operational efficiency and regulatory compliance. Mining contributes over 70% of Zambia’s export earnings. However, governance and accountability challenges raise concerns about the robustness of internal control mechanisms. This study evaluates the effectiveness of internal control systems on organizational performance at Konkola Copper Mines (KCM) in Chingola. Guided by the Agency and Stakeholder Theories, the study employs a convergent parallel mixed-methods design. Structured questionnaires were used for quantitative data collection while interviews, were used to collect qualitative data. The target population comprised of accounting staff, internal auditors, finance officers and administrative managers. The sample size was 234 participants selected using purposive sampling. The study used a mixed-methods approach. Qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis while quantitative data was analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences, SPSS and presented in tables. The qualitative findings revealed that the control environment at KCM is not robust. Interviewees emphasized that internal controls do not receive adequate attention. They reported that risk management systems are ineffective and that control activities and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) systems were inconsistently applied. Interviewees emphasized that monitoring activities are not effective enough. The quantitative findings revealed that the control environment, risk management systems, control activities and financial reporting effectiveness have a positive and statistically significant correlation with organizational performance. Similarly, transparency and accountability showed a positive and statistically significant correlation with organizational performance. The study concluded that internal control systems at KCM are not robust. The study recommends that management at KCM should strengthen and consistently enforce internal control systems by establishing clear financial control policies, using updated communication systems, standardizing control activities, strengthening the internal audit function through independence from management influence and conducting regular risk assessment integrating them into strategic planning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bibien Lombe, Dr. Evans Mwenda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Support mechanisms needed by re-admitted teenage mothers after rejoining secondary education in selected secondary schools in Nzega District, Tanzania
This study aimed to identify support mechanisms needed by re-admitted teenage mothers to cope with challenges after rejoining secondary education in Nzega District, Tanzania. This study is situated in theoretical foundation of Ecological Systems Theory. The study adopted a qualitative research approach and a hermeneutic phenomenological design to explore the experiences of the participants. The study employed 19 participants including eight teenage mothers, five school academic masters and six peers of teenage mothers. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussion and analysed thematically. The study found that to cope with challenges teenage mothers needed psychosocial and emotional support in terms guidance and counselling and ensuring inclusive school climate within school environment. The findings show that teenage mothers needed monetary assistance and material assistance. Furthermore, the findings revealed that school-based childcare facilities are essential for supporting successfully reintegration of teenage mothers into secondary education. Thus, they needed childcare support centers within or near schools as this could help reduce absenteeism and improve learners’ concentration. The study concludes that effective support systems are required for successful re-admission of teenage mothers into secondary education. The study recommends that there should be collaborative efforts among schools, families, communities, and policymakers to strengthen and implement comprehensive school re-entry support systems. This can be done through the provision of psychosocial and emotional support financial and material support, and establishing childcare support services within or near schools. To capture diverse experiences and strengthen the applicability of the findings, future studies should extend to various districts to examine the support mechanisms required by teenage mothers in secondary schools.
Copyright (c) 2026 Josiah Norman Kazenga, Ecloss Munsaka, Mubanga Mofu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Gendered dimensions of emerging security threats: Exploring the nexus of climate change, violent extremism, and digital governance under the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda in Africa
This study examines the gendered dimensions of emerging security threats in Africa by analyzing the interconnected impacts of climate change, violent extremism, and digital insecurity within the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) Agenda. Despite normative advances under United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 and the African Union Continental Results Framework (2020–2030), implementation gaps persist due to structural inequalities, governance deficits, and widening digital divides. Guided by Structural Violence Theory, Intersectional Feminist perspectives, and Digital Governance Theory, the study investigates how environmental stress, extremist violence, and digital exclusion interact to shape women’s insecurity and constrain their participation in peace-building processes. A qualitative comparative approach is employed, drawing on document analysis and regional synthesis from the Sahel, Horn of Africa, and Great Lakes regions. Findings show that climate-induced displacement, resource scarcity, violent extremism, and digital harms such as online harassment and misinformation disproportionately affect women and girls, reinforcing economic marginalization, gender-based violence, and political exclusion. The study further finds that these dynamics are mutually reinforcing, producing a systemic pattern of structural violence across regions. The study recommends the integration of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms into WPS frameworks, the strengthening of gender-responsive digital governance, the mainstreaming of climate security into WPS National Action Plans, and expanded investments in women’s digital inclusion, capacity building, and inter-sectoral coordination. The study concludes that addressing women’s insecurity in Africa requires an integrated, intersectional, and multi-sectoral approach that links climate governance, countering violent extremism, and digital inclusion within a strengthened WPS agenda.
Copyright (c) 2026 Roselyne N. Pepela, James Omondi Juma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
La dynamisation de l’enseignement-apprentissage de l’expression orale en français au Rwanda
Cette étude porte sur la didactique de la compétence communicative en français au Rwanda. Au Rwanda, avant 2008, le français occupait le statut de langue officielle et de langue d’enseignement. Depuis lors, le français est devenu une langue étrangère. Il est enseigné comme cours. Cette langue est plus utilisée à l’écrit qu’à l’oral. Le but de cet article est d’indiquer certaines stratégies pour redynamiser et revitaliser l’enseignement-apprentissage de la compétence de l’expression orale en français au Rwanda. Cette recherche a été menée pour explorer profondément la situation de la production orale en français qui se manifeste au Rwanda. Les méthodes mixtes ont été utilisées pour la collecte et l’analyse des données. La population cible de l’enquête est de 1 668 élèves des écoles secondaires et 54 enseignants. Elle s’est effectuée sur l’échantillon de 318 élèves et 12 enseignants de français par sondage non probabiliste intentionnel. La compétence de l’expression orale baisse d’environ 10 % par rapport aux autres compétences enseignées dans les écoles au Rwanda, alors que l’enseignement de cette compétence est moins privilégié de 15 % par rapport à l’enseignement d’autres compétences. Les résultats du questionnaire, de l’interview et de l’observation parrainés par les théories de l’interactionnisme et du socioconstructivisme ont prouvé qu’il est possible d’améliorer l’enseignement-apprentissage des expressions orales en français dans les écoles au Rwanda. Le lecteur de cet article va sortir avec une connaissance complète sur la situation d’enseignement et apprentissage de l’oral en français, au Rwanda. Que les institutions habilitées au secteur de l’éducation fassent tout mieux que l’oral en français, soit dynamisé notamment pour les instructeurs et pour les apprenants.
Copyright (c) 2026 Patience David Mbonabuca, Joséphine Tuvuzimpundu, Aimable Rugigana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of employee involvement strategies in decision-making on employee performance in level four and three public health facilities in Vihiga County, Kenya
Although the government has invested heavily in the health sector, public health institutions continue to operate below the expected standards, as highlighted in the 2023 report by the Kenya Medical Practitioners. Similarly, the World Health Organization observed that the quality of healthcare services provided in Kenya’s public health system falls short of the essential principles of quality care, which emphasize privacy, dignity, choice, safety, autonomy, and fulfillment. This study examined the effect of employee involvement strategies in decision-making on employee performance in level four and three public health facilities in Vihiga County. The study was guided by unitary theory. The study adopted a mixed research approach comprising a descriptive and causal research design. The study targeted a population of 765, that is, 499 from level four and 266 staff from level three. These were the healthcare workers comprising 318 nurses, 70 clinical officers, 31 medical officers, 47 laboratory technicians, 18 pharmacists, 11 nutritionists, 21 public health officers, 107 administrative officers, and 142 support staff. The study's total sample size was 263, using the Yamane formula. The study applied stratified, proportionate, and simple random sampling techniques. Structured questionnaires aided in data collection. A pilot study was done at Malava Sub-County Hospital in Kakamega County using 26 respondents as 10% of the sample population. Reliability was tested using Cronbach's Alpha, while validity was tested using content validity. The study analyzed data using both descriptive and inferential statistics, where descriptive statistics included frequency, mean, standard deviation, and percentages. Inferential statistics entailed Pearson correlation and regression analysis. Data was presented using tables and graphs. A positive effect was significant (β = 0.694, p < 0.05), where employee participation was responsible, as employees felt more motivated and more responsible when they were engaged in decision-making. The discussion has determined that strategic industrial relations are key drivers of employee performance in healthcare institutions. Employee involvement brings about ownership and motivation. County health administrators are advised to institutionalize participatory decision-making. The research suggests that public health institutions must institutionalize effective collective bargaining mechanisms that ensure equity and transparency in employment relations. There should be increased participation of employees through providing inclusive platforms where the staff can have a say in major decisions. The conflict resolution systems should be formal, transparent, and regular to reduce workplace conflicts in order to ensure peace. The communication systems need to be improved through encouraging open and timely, as well as feedback-based, channels that increase trust and accountability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kadenyi Maurine, Robert K.W. Egessa, Kelvin Machuki (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Determinants of poor implementation of strategic planning in the public sector in Tanzania: The case of DAWASA and Ubungo Municipality
Strategic planning has become an important management tool for public organizations in most countries including Tanzania. It is however, noted in the current public sector literature that this management tool has been poorly implemented in many developing countries. For instance, since the 1990s public organizations in Tanzania are required to implement strategic planning and by now the assumption is that most public organizations should have developed sufficient experience to effectively implement strategic planning. However, studies have demonstrated that most public organizations in Tanzania have poorly implemented strategic planning as their management tools. This study examines factors affecting the effective implementation of strategic planning in two selected public organizations in Tanzania, namely DAWASA and Ubungo municipality. This study is informed by institutional theory and by design it is a case study. The study used both primary and secondary data to achieve its noble mission. The target population of the study comprised 414 employees from both DAWASA and Ubungo Municipality In addition; two sampling techniques were employed; purposive and simple sampling techniques to obtain a sample of 165 respondents. Quantitative data from questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive statistics with SPSS version 26, while qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis to identify pattern of issues that are of interest in relation to our research objective. Our findings noted that both DAWASA and Ubungo Municipality have been implementing strategic planning as part of their service delivery tool. It is further noted that, although these two public organizations claim that strategic planning plays a critical role in enhancing their organizational performance, but strategic planning is poorly implemented in these two public organizations. Our study has further noted that factors such as resource constraints, poor alignment of resources with planned activities, resistance to change and bureaucratic procedures have significantly affected the effective implementation of strategic planning at the two public organizations studied. The study concludes that strategic planning has been poorly implemented due to factors identified. The study recommends that public organization to address factors that hinders effective implementation of this reform aspect so as to improve public service delivery. In addition, future research should be expanded to include more public organizations across regions for comparative analysis so as to broaden our insights into sector-specific challenges and best practices in implementing strategic planning in public organizations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andrew Sulle (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Promoting women’s democratic participation in local governance: The role of community radio in Damongo, Savannah Region, Ghana
This study explored the role community radio (CR) plays in promoting women’s political empowerment for participation in leadership and decision-making processes in the Savannah Region of Ghana. Guided by the Empowerment Theory and the Participatory Communication Theory, it examined how CR fosters agency, amplifies women's voices, and promotes inclusive political engagement. An exploratory case study design was adopted, focusing on Radio for Peace and Development (PAD) in the West Gonja Municipal Area. The target population of the study comprised institutions, experts, and individuals at the national, local, and community levels who were key stakeholders in Radio PAD, community radio, and women’s empowerment in Damongo and Ghana. A purposive sampling technique was employed to pick 18 respondents who included community women as the primary participants, as well as key informants such as the queen mother, chief, community radio expert, local political figures, a female political figure from the Savannah Region, and the Municipal Gender Desk Officer (MGDO). Data was collected using a key informant interview guide and a focus group discussion guide. The data was analyzed and organized into themes using thematic content analysis. Both deductive and inductive coding methods were applied. The findings revealed that patriarchal structures, cultural norms, and socio-economic barriers significantly hinder women’s political participation. Despite these challenges, radio PAD emerged as a platform for promoting women's participation through targeted programs such as Aboyamilso, Aboyagbon, and Within the Issues, as well as the broadcasts in local dialects to enhance accessibility and participation. The study concludes that in as much as community radio can be a meaningful catalyst in enhancing women’s political empowerment, broadcasting alone cannot dismantle deep-rooted barriers. This study recommended that radio stations, including Radio PAD, can implement gender-responsive programming with measurable inclusion targets. Government agencies like the NCA and the NCCE must establish policy guidelines that mandate content to be gender inclusive. District and municipal assemblies can also work alongside radio stations to develop civic educational programs and content that would cater to women in underserved communities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Winifred Esinam Agbolosoo, Assoc. Prof. Lawrence Naaikuur, Thomas Azagsiba Agana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A comparative study of priesthood in a religio-pluralistic society: Implications for a decolonised religious and moral education in Ghana
The study sought to examine the notion of priesthood in a religio-pluralistic society and its implications for the teaching of Religious and Moral Education (RME) in Ghana. The fundamental theoretical framework that underpinned the study is provided by the phenomenological approach to the study of religion. Using the qualitative comparative case study design, the study included an examination of authorised textbooks, a thorough literature review, and semi-structured interviews with five religious leaders (one Catholic priest, one Presbyterian ordained minister, one priest from Musama Disco Christo Church (MDCC) and two traditional priests from Asante and Fante backgrounds) who were purposively sampled. The data analysis was conducted by thematic and cross-case synthesis. The results point to a basic ontological difference in the idea of religious leadership. The priesthood is viewed as a sacerdotal or ministerial reality that involves mediation, sacrifice, and a unique ceremonial status in African Traditional Religions (ATR), Catholicism, and the African Initiated/Independent/Indigenous Church (AIC), specifically Musama Disco Christo Church (MDCC) as a case study. On the other hand, ordained ministry is specifically rejected as having a sacerdotal nature in the mainline Protestant traditions of Methodism and Presbyterianism, where it is understood as a representative and functional role within the universal priesthood of all believers. The study revealed that these models are frequently referred to by the general term "priest" in educational contexts, which causes conceptual uncertainty and distorts religious traditions. In accordance with the study’s findings, this misunderstanding presents a serious educational difficulty. It makes the case that interactive pedagogy, comparative modules, and improved teacher preparation are necessary for a decolonised RME curriculum to actively teach these differences. In Ghana's multicultural community, RME can more effectively advance social cohesiveness, respect for one another, and true religious literacy by cultivating a precise understanding of religious leadership. Such curriculum transformation is essential for fostering authentic religious literacy, mutual respect, and social cohesion in Ghana's multicultural society.
Copyright (c) 2026 Leo Andoh Korsah, Isaac Obiri Ampem (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The correlation between marital stress, perceived social support, duration of marriage and mental health of married women in Oshodi–Isolo area, Lagos Nigeria
The study explores the relationship between marital stress, perceived social support, marriage duration, and positive mental health in married women in the Oshodi-Isolo local government area of Lagos State. It also determined the mediating role of perceived social support on marital stress within the sample. The research is grounded on the theory that social support acts as a buffer to protect an individual from the negative consequences of stressful events. The study used a cross-sectional survey design to collect data from 385 married women who were randomly selected using these standardized instruments: the Marital Stress Inventory (MSI), the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and the Mental Health Continuum–Short Form (MHC-SF). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, moderation analysis, and multiple regression techniques. Results indicated a negative non-significant relationship between marital stress and mental health. In contrast, perceived social support demonstrated a significant positive relationship with mental health. The results also revealed that perceived social support significantly moderated the relationship between marital stress and mental health. Furthermore, duration of marriage was a significant predictor of positive mental health. These findings underscore the central role of perceived social support and marital duration in maintaining positive mental health among married women. It is recommended that married women utilize their social support systems, like family, to enhance their mental health and maintain enduring, stable marriages. They can also adopt resource-focused mental health interventions through other available channels like psychologists, trusted friends, and available non-governmental organizations that promote the mental health of citizens.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Uzochukwu N. Israel, Ifeyinwa Kpaduwa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mechanisms for the adoption of port automation to enhance cargo handling in Malindi port Zanzibar
This study examines the mechanisms behind the adoption of port automation technologies to improve cargo handling operations in Zanzibar. Specifically, it assesses the current state of cargo handling processes, evaluates staff and managerial perceptions and readiness for automation, and identifies key barriers to the implementation of automated systems. A cross-sectional research design was employed, utilizing a convergent parallel mixed-methods approach. The study was guided by the Technology Acceptance Model. The study population comprised 152 individuals, including port staff, customs declaration officers, shipping agency personnel, authorized clearing and forwarding, and shipping line agencies based in Zanzibar. The sample size was 108 individuals who were selected through purposive sampling and simple random methods. The response rate was 90, equal to 85.7%. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistical methods with the aid of Jamovi statistical software, and qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings reveal that 63% of respondents perceive cargo handling processes as only partially automated, while 93% report persistent operational inefficiencies, including berthing delays and yard congestion. Although some information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure is in place, only 45.5% of participants consider it adequate to support effective port operations. Furthermore, 80% of respondents highlight insufficient ICT training and an underdeveloped policy framework as significant challenges. The study concludes that, despite existing efforts to advance cargo handling automation, implementation remains constrained by interconnected barriers, including technological limitations, financial constraints, institutional fragmentation, and policy inadequacies. It recommends increased investment in integrated ICT systems, the development of targeted digital literacy programs for port personnel, and the establishment of a comprehensive national port automation policy with clear implementation strategies and institutional accountability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tasnim Yussuf Maalim, Abbas Mohamed Omar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Phonological constraints on English speech production among Kiswahili-speaking learners in Tanzanian technical education: A systematic review
Oral English communication skills are essential for success in learning and subsequent employment in the Tanzanian vocational and technical education environment, where tasks require effective interactions. However, consistent problems with pronunciation amongst Kiswahili-speaking students reflect a significant lack in the body of research and practice related to teaching English pronunciation, specifically in the area of phonological constraints. This paper examines segmental, suprasegmental, and orthographic constraints that impact spoken English communication and assesses the effectiveness of pronunciation pedagogy in terms of Contrastive Analysis Theory (CAT) and Speech Learning Model (SLM). A comprehensive literature review was conducted based on the guidelines proposed by the PRISMA model. Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were used to collect relevant articles. The results of the research showed that phonological constraints remain a problem that impedes communication in English. Segmental pronunciation problems occur as a result of the substitution of sounds; suprasegmental constraints impact intelligibility through stress and intonation patterns. In turn, the orthographic constraint reflects the inconsistency between spelling and pronunciation. Each of these phonological constraints is related to first-language transfer, perceptual processing barriers, and insufficient attention to pronunciation instruction. The study shows that existing approaches towards developing English pronunciation skills are insufficient. Therefore, the author suggests adopting explicit pronunciation teaching and learning strategies, increasing teachers’ awareness of phonology-based instruction, and integrating both segmental and suprasegmental aspects of phonological awareness into classroom practices. Also, more attention should be paid to context-based strategies, including audio-visual means of instruction. Moreover, curriculum and educational policymakers should include pronunciation skills as part of communicative competence requirements.
Copyright (c) 2026 Peter B. Kadilikansimba, Damas P. Mapuga (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Knowledge management, innovation acceleration and national competitiveness: A systematic review
Knowledge management (KM) has increasingly been recognized as a strategic resource for enhancing innovation and competitiveness in modern organizations. In knowledge-driven economies, organizations that effectively create, share, and apply knowledge are better positioned to accelerate innovation and improve their competitive performance. Despite growing interest in this area, existing research on the relationship between knowledge management practices, innovation processes, and national competitiveness remains fragmented across disciplines. This study conducts a systematic literature review to synthesize current knowledge on how KM contributes to innovation acceleration and competitiveness. Knowledge -Based View (KBV) of the firm and the National Innovation Systems (NIS) theory, emphasizes the role of interactions among organizations, university, research institutions and government agencies in generating and diffusing knowledge that supports technological advancement and economic development. The review follows the PRISMA guidelines and analyses peer-reviewed studies published between 2006 and 2023. Relevant articles were identified through structured searches in major academic databases and screened using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 54 articles were selected and evaluated using a quality assessment checklist. The findings indicate that effective KM practices, particularly knowledge creation, knowledge sharing, and knowledge application, play a critical role in accelerating innovation, improving organizational performance, and strengthening competitiveness. The review further highlights the importance of knowledge-based capabilities in supporting organizational learning and technological advancement within national innovation systems. Synthesizing existing literature, the study provides a clearer understanding of how KM practices influence innovation and competitiveness and identifies key areas for future research on knowledge-driven development and innovation policy. The study recommended structure that encourages cross-functional and platforms designed for collaboration and information sharing can strengthen knowledge flows when they are embedded within cultures of trust.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jackline M. Martine, Camilius A. Sanga, Philbert S. Nyinondi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Terrorism and civil war nexus: How terrorist tactics help or hinder insurgencies in Nigeria
In Nigeria, terrorism and insurgency reflect integrated security issues. During internal conflicts, insurgents use tactics aimed at the attainment of political, religious or ideological ends. This study investigates the terrorism–civil war relationship in terms of the immediate operational gains and the enduring strategic costs for Nigeria. Strategic Logic of Terrorism Theory was used to guide the study. Quantitative method was adopted in the study for data collection and analyses. A purposive sampling technique was adopted to select information-rich and relevant materials that directly addressed the objectives of the study. Data collection was based on documentary review, where relevant secondary materials were systematically gathered from academic databases, libraries, and credible online sources. This study discovered that various tactics were deployed to create terror and despondency among civilians and the government, including the use of suicide bombing and armed raiding of villages, as well as Improvised Explosive Devices [IEDs], attacks on key infrastructures, kidnappings for ransom, and psychological warfare and propaganda. It was established in the study that the use of terrorism in insurgency provides actors of the latter with immediate strategic gains; however, in the context of civil wars, the tactic of terrorism undermines the sustainability of the insurgency. The study, hence, suggests the need for the Nigerian government to build a unified national security database to provide a platform that consolidates intelligence across the military, police, Immigration Service, DSS, and local authorities. This unified approach should improve the country’s readiness to respond to the challenges posed by insurgents.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ember Yange (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
E-learning in the digital era: How e-learning system quality shapes student satisfaction in public universities in Kenya
This study examines the influence of e-learning system quality on student satisfaction in selected public universities in Kenya. Although the adoption of digital learning platforms following COVID-19 expanded in most universities, empirical evidence on the relationship between the quality of the e-learning system and student satisfaction remains underexplored. The Resource-Based View (RBV) theory and Information Systems Success (ISS) models guided the study. This paper employed a convergent parallel mixed-methods design. The study targeted 364,998 undergraduate fourth-year students, 2,031 deans, 20,771 lecturers, and 31 system administrators in six universities. A sample size of 446 participants—400 students, 20 deans, 20 lecturers, and 6 administrators—participated. The data were collected using questionnaires and interview guides and analyzed using descriptive, inferential, and thematic analysis. The findings revealed that e-learning system quality positively and significantly influences student satisfaction (B = 0.358, SE = 0.043, β = 0.415, t = 8.394, p = .001, p < .05, 2-tailed). This implies that a unit change in e-learning system quality is linked to a change of 0.358 units in student satisfaction. This paper recommends that universities invest in efficient assessment systems and education accessibility through digital inclusiveness in affordable data, mobile access, and offline collaborative user-friendly platforms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Annceta Mbiuki, Reuben Mutegi, Jeremiah Kalai (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Personal attributes influencing gender disparity in development of early childhood education teaching profession in Kakamega East Sub-County, Kenya
Education determines the ability of individuals to connect and communicate with one another. Despite this view, the gaps in education opportunities in most developing countries are large. Public schools in Kakamega East Sub-County haven’t escaped the waves of gender disparities that have affected both private and public schools in Kenya. This study, therefore, sought to establish personal attributes influencing gender disparity among early childhood development education (ECDE) teachers in Kakamega East Sub-County, Kenya. The study was supported by the social role theory. A descriptive survey study design was used, which is primarily concerned with the generic statistics that derive from the extraction of data from respondents. The location of study was Kakamega East sub-county in Kakamega County, Kenya. The target population was 1,106, including head teachers, deputy head teachers, teachers, program officers, and quality assurance officers (QUASO). Simple random sampling was employed to select 260 respondents, which constituted the sample size. Stratified random sampling was used to sample schools according to wards. Data was collected by the use of questionnaires and interviews with 37 head teachers, 37 deputy head teachers, and 184 teachers. A pilot study was conducted to validate the research instruments in advance. Cronbach’s alpha (α) as a coefficient method to establish the reliability of the research instruments revealed a coefficient of 0.783, which shows that the instrument was reliable. Data was collected from the teachers in line with the three study objectives using questionnaires and interview schedules. Data obtained from the research instruments were analyzed inferentially and descriptively with the help of a statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 22. Quantitative data was summarized to quantify the strength of the association between the variables; the researcher conducted a regression analysis to establish the effect of selected factors on gender disparity. Results were presented in tables. The findings revealed that personal attributes have a positive effect (β=.642, p<.05) and explain 40.9% of the variance in gender disparity. It was concluded that all the selected factors had a significant influence on gender disparity in the early childhood education profession. The study recommends that teachers undergo training to help them build on their personal attributes and develop a positive attitude towards ECDE learners.
Copyright (c) 2026 Manson Sichari, Roselyne Kadogo Sorhe (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Financial governance and education quality in decentralised basic education systems: Evidence from Gomoa West District, Ghana
This study examined the functionality of the financial governance system of basic education in the Gomoa West District of Ghana, with the aim of identifying evidence-based strategies for improving the quality of education. The study employed a qualitative research design grounded in a constructivist ontology and an interpretivist epistemology, guided by the effectiveness and efficiency theories. The target population comprised head teachers of public junior high schools and district education officers of the Gomoa West District Education Directorate. Three district education officers and nine head teachers were selected using expert purposive sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and supplemented by documentary analysis of the School Performance Improvement Plan (SPIP) and the Capitation Grant guidelines. Data were analyzed thematically. The results reveal that the district operates a formalized, policy-oriented financial governance system anchored in the SPIP, with well-developed structures for budgeting, stakeholder participation, and accountability. However, despite this structural progress, financial governance of basic schools in the district continues to be constrained by several challenges that impede the improvement of educational quality. These include inadequate, late, and irregular disbursement of the capitation grant; limited financial governance literacy among school leaders; and weak community involvement in accountability processes. Furthermore, the rigid implementation of financial regulations risks stifling local innovation in resource mobilization. It is recommended that the Ghana Education Service and District Education Directorate start intensive, sustained capacity-building programming for school leaders and district officers with an emphasis on flexible, context-sensitive budgeting within the SPIP structure. Furthermore, the Ghana Education Service (GES) in partnership with the Ministry of Education must institutionalize periodic mandatory training on financial management, resource mobilization, and compliance with financial accountability standards for all district education officers and head teachers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Roger Amoako (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of logistics management and organisational performance of manufacturing companies in Rwanda: A case of Africa Improved Food Rwanda Ltd.
The general objective of this research is to assess the effect of logistics management on the organizational performance of manufacturing companies. This research was guided by the following specific objectives were to establish the effect of material requirement planning on the performance of Africa Improved Food Rwanda Ltd, assess the effect of inventory control on the performance of Africa Improved Food Rwanda Ltd and assess the effect of transportation and distribution on performance of Africa Improved Food Rwanda Ltd. Three theoretical perspectives including Logistic Management Development Theory, Contingency Theory and Theory of Change were used to explain the outsourcing decision and underpin defining logistic management. The researcher used descriptive and correlational research design basing on a case study, where quantitative approach used. The study population was 68 consisted of finance and administration department, procurement department and Suppliers and sales agents of manufacturing. The researcher used census method rather than sampling due to the small population. The research collected data through questionnaire technique, interview and Documentation technique. The data analyzed by using both descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics such as Pearson’s correlation was employed to analyze the data. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS 25.0) used to determine various correlation and regression analysis. The regression coefficient (B = 0.409) indicates that a 1-unit increase in Material Requirement Planning leads to a 0.409 increase in Organizational Performance, assuming other factors remain constant. The t-value (t = 6.292) is high, indicating a strong statistical impact on the dependent variable. The p-value (Sig. = 0.000) is below 0.05, confirming that the effect of Material Requirement Planning on Organizational Performance is statistically significant. The regression coefficient (B = 0.282) shows that a 1-unit increase in Inventory Control leads to a 0.282 increase in Organizational Performance, holding other variables constant. The t-value (t = 4.476) is also high, demonstrating a notable influence on Organizational Performance. The p-value (Sig. = 0.000) is below 0.05, indicating a statistically significant effect of Inventory Control on Performance of Africa Improved Food Rwanda Ltd. The regression coefficient (B = 0.251) suggests that a 1-unit increase in Transportation and Distribution results in a 0.251 increase in Organizational Performance, assuming other factors remain unchanged. The t-value (t = 3.586) is relatively high, indicating a meaningful contribution to Organizational Performance. The p-value (Sig. = 0.001) is below 0.05, confirming that Transportation and Distribution significantly affect Performance Africa Improved Food Rwanda Ltd. The study concluded that material requirement planning, inventory control, and transportation and distribution have positive and significant effects on the organisational performance of Africa Improved Food Rwanda Ltd., with material requirement planning exerting the greatest influence. Accordingly, the study recommends strengthening material planning, inventory control, and transportation systems to enhance operational efficiency, customer satisfaction, and overall organisational performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ms. Jackline M. Martine, Prof. Camilius A. Sanga, Dr. Philbert S. Nyinondi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The influence of university research facilities on timely doctoral studies completion: Empirical evidence from Kenya
Doctoral education shapes the development of human capital as well as national innovation; however, Kenya faces low completion rates, with less than 30% of students graduating within the three-year policy, and in some public universities, the figure is approximately 11%. Although the reviewed studies focus on student factor, institutional management, supervisory practices, and funding models, the nexus between research facilities and timely doctoral studies completion remains underexplored. This paper aims to analyze how university research facilities affect the timely completion of doctoral studies at the University of Nairobi in Kenya. General systems theory and Tinto’s integration theory guided the study. The target population was 1,183 supervisors, 646 graduates, and 10 deans. The sample size was 339 respondents (182 supervisors, 147 doctoral graduates, and 10 deans). Stratified random sampling was applied to sample supervisors and students, while purposive sampling was applied to sample deans. Semi-structured questionnaires and interview guides were used in data collection. Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentages, mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (simple linear regression) in SPSS v25 were used to analyze quantitative data, and thematic analysis was used for qualitative data. The results reveal that research facilities have a positive and significant relationship with doctoral completion, according to supervisors (β = 0.229, p = .004, p < .05, 2-tailed), while research facilities had a positive and non-significant relationship with doctoral completion, according to students (β = 0.267, p = .259, p > .05, 2-tailed). The findings suggest that university research facilities influence timely doctoral studies completion. The study concludes that timely doctoral studies completion relies not only on the availability of research facilities but also on their accessibility, usability, and integration into the student’s academic environment. The study recommends the need to embark on user-centred and inclusive research infrastructure in higher education, beyond mere availability. Further, the study recommends increased investment in research systems and policy frameworks, and targeted training to support doctoral education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adan Ali Abdi, Prof. Phylisters Daizy Matula, Prof. Dorothy Ndunge Kyalo, Prof. Susan Yego Chepkonga (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The nexus between maritime insecurity and land-based terror activities in Lamu County, Kenya
The threats of terror activities in the Indian Ocean led to the Kenyan government’s reaction to the maritime asymmetric threats by putting in place maritime security strategies. Despite these strategies, maritime environments continue to face challenges. The study examined the nexus between maritime insecurity and land-based terror activities in Lamu County, Kenya. The study was grounded on two theories: routine activity and securitization theory. Convergent parallel research design was utilized. The study area was in Lamu County. The target population of the study was 966, for which Slovin’s formula was used to derive a sample size of 320. Primary data was collected using questionnaires, an interview guide, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. Secondary data was obtained from police records, academic journals, books, policy papers, government publications, and online sources. The obtained data was analyzed with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27. The study established that external links in the Indian Ocean region contributed to the smuggling and illicit trade of weapons and drug trafficking at 66%, while maritime ecosystems and natural harbors allowed the freelancing of pirates by providing them with shelter and concealment at 50%. This situation has enabled terror groups to conceal their activities (66%) using small boats to exploit the maritime domain, leading to maritime insecurities that negatively affect the livelihoods of locals (84%). Based on the data, the statistical results highlight a compromised maritime security environment in the Indian Ocean Region. The findings indicate high rates of illicit activity, driven by exploitation of natural geography, which severely impacts local communities. The study concludes that the Indian Ocean region is facing a complex maritime insecurity nexus where weak governance and natural coastal features allow criminal and terror networks to thrive. Terror groups have leveraged this environment, utilizing small boats to conceal movements and exploit the maritime domain for attacks on land. The study recommends enhanced maritime domain awareness and surveillance using satellite and automatic identification system monitoring; strengthened law enforcement and regional cooperation, including joint regional patrols and legal framework enhancement; community-based resilience and livelihood protection, like inclusive maritime security with local fishing communities in maritime security dialogues and resource protection; and adoption of strategic counter-smuggling measures through geographic risk assessment and coast guard professionalization.
Copyright (c) 2026 Constar Haggai Katamu, Ferdinand Makhanu Nabiswa, Standslause Elijah Onyango Odhiambo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The historical snags and triumphs of the Uganda Joint Christian Council (UJCC) in monitoring national elections in Uganda between 1963 and 2016
The Uganda Joint Christian Council (UJCC) was established in 1963, and its founding member Christian churches included the Protestants under Archbishop Leslie Brown, the Catholics under Archbishop Joseph Kiwanuka, and the Orthodox under Archbishop Theodros Nankyama. According to the Kampala Archdiocese Archives, UJCC was established with a number of objectives, which include, among others, that of enhancing democratic institutions in Uganda. The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UNUDHR), established on December 10, 1948, also encouraged UJCC. UNUDHR advances the people’s right to democratic elections and voting. It goes on to assert that election monitoring groups, ranging from local to party monitors, assist respective governments to hold free and fair elections. In this regard, UJCC widened its focus on promoting democracy and good governance. Since the latter can hardly be realized without holding national elections, UJCC embarked on the noble work of monitoring national elections in Uganda between 1994 and 2016. According to the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), election observation is a valuable gizmo for supporting the quality and integrity of elections. It further states that election observers/monitors help build public confidence in the honesty of the electoral process. As a religiously founded organization, politically, UJCC has been at the forefront of monitoring the national elections in Uganda, viz., from the pulpit to politics. This position is because UJCC wanted to promote people’s right to democratic elections and voting. Similarly, election monitoring promotes democratic elections as an essential element for sustainable democratic governments in a country. From its inception in 1963 up to 2016, UJCC experienced various challenges and achievements during the course of enhancing democracy in Uganda. Therefore, this article presents the snags and triumphs that UJCC experienced prior to and during the process of monitoring national elections in Uganda. The study was guided by the behavioral theory and the rational choice theory. This is because these theories correspond with the issue of election monitoring. Similarly, both theories encompass the rationality aspect in decision-making used by the individuals or agencies that are monitoring elections. Conclusively, the investigation of this article has historically echoed the concern of national elections monitoring in Uganda, with special reference to the experience of UJCC as an ecumenical body. The article has mirrored how the management of the electoral process in Uganda has been enriched to some extent, owing to the role of UJCC in the monitoring of national elections. UJCC and other monitoring agencies are recommended to develop a methodology and tools for monitoring the hurried government demarcation of the new districts and constituencies, especially as the national elections are looming. UJCC ought to outwardly and courageously caution the government/EC against the issue of creating ghost polling stations. Finally, UJCC Church members are encouraged to desist from the issue of government patronage and vote buying if they are to improve their mandate of election monitoring.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nansikombi Proscovia (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Peace and governance in Ghana: An analysis of the capacity and role of the police service in Ghana's peace architecture
This paper examines the intricate nexus between the police service's functions and the state's peace architecture. The states' pursuit of peace constitutes a non-negotiable endeavour, as it creates a conducive environment for holistic societal development. The structures of national peace architecture clearly demarcate the roles of key institutions. In Ghana, the police service is one of the fundamental institutions in the country's peace architecture. The institution's core function of crime control and prevention constitutes a major institutional framework for maintaining law, order, and peace. Utilising the theories of institutionalism and adaptive structuration (AST), this paper analyses the institutional capacity of the Ghana Police Service (GPS) relative to the country's peace architecture. Employing an explanatory case study design, the analysis blends historical and contemporary data from a target population of 30 purposively selected participants across four regions of Ghana to construct a coherent narrative of the police service's capacity for peace maintenance. Data were analysed using thematic analysis, which enabled the identification, coding, and interpretation of patterns within the qualitative data to construct a coherent narrative. The findings revealed that the GPS does not operate in isolation but serves as a central node within Ghana's integrated national security architecture, coordinating with military, intelligence agencies, and regional security councils to ensure unified, layered responses to threats. However, the findings establish that, despite its acknowledged centrality to peace, the GPS faces significant structural and operational challenges: resource constraints, particularly acute during large-scale events, public trust deficits stemming from perceptions of political interference, and training gaps in specialised areas such as crowd control and human rights compliance. Based on the findings, the paper concludes and recommends that to enhance its institutional capacity, the GPS requires sustained political will, adequate resource allocation, and commitment from all stakeholders. Also, there is a need for a depoliticised funding framework to address resource constraints; the establishment of independent oversight mechanisms to rebuild public trust; and the development of continuous, specialised training programs focused on human rights and public order management to effectively execute its mandate within Ghana's peace architecture.
Copyright (c) 2026 Cletus Kwaku Mbowura, Gbensuglo Alidu Bukari, Ishmael Ayanoore (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The influence of public relations promotional strategies on student enrolment in Tanzanian tertiary institutions
There is a deliberate effort taken by the government of Tanzania to increase enrolment in tertiary education, shifting from an elite education model to a mass education system to meet the demands of a growing economy; this makes the student enrolment process a crucial aspect of educational institution management. This study assesses the influence of public relations promotional strategies on student enrolment. The study was guided by framing theory, which posits that the way information is presented – its context, emphasis and wording – shapes how audiences interpret, process, and act upon it. The study employed a cross-sectional research design. The target population was students, public relations and administration officers from tertiary institutions in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The study used a sample of 120 respondents from tertiary institutions in Dar es Salaam, employing simple random and proportional sampling methods. Data were collected through questionnaires, and quantitative data were analysed through SPSS ver. 21 (IBM). The study findings revealed that media relations, government relations, community relations, customer relations, and marketing communications show significant influence (p < .05), which implies that those are strong strategies used by PR to influence student enrolment. The results showed that promotional strategies for public relations had a positive and significant effect on student enrolment at tertiary institutions. Public relations promotional strategies have improved their understanding and made them feel emotionally engaged. This understanding has made them confident and improved their trust in the institution and social well-being. Therefore, tertiary institutions' management needs to increase efforts in terms of PR competence and financial issues to enhance student enrolment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fredrick Elias Sanga (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0