Breaking barriers: Professional growth of women leaders in Ghanaian public universities
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51867/AQSSR.3.3.24Keywords:
Career Development, Higher Education, Ghana, Professional Growth, Women’s LeadershipAbstract
The study explores the professional growth of women leaders in two public universities in Ghana: the University of Mines and Technology and the University of Education, Winneba. A qualitative research approach, employing a case study design was adopted. Seven women leaders were purposively selected, and data were collected through in-depth, face-to-face interviews. The data were analysed thematically, guided by the gender theory. The findings revealed that the women leaders shared comparable experiences across their respective fields. A combination of career advancement, professional development, and active participation in development networks and associations shaped their professional growth. Key factors that facilitated their success included mentorship and strong support systems. However, the women also encountered significant challenges, including difficulties in balancing family and work responsibilities, socio-cultural constraints, and persistent gender stereotypes and discrimination. The evidence suggests that although the women leaders have made significant progress in their careers, their advancement continues to be influenced by both supportive factors and systemic barriers. The study contributes to the limited literature on women's leadership in higher education in Ghana. It offers valuable insights into general leadership dynamics and the specific experiences of women leaders within the higher education sector. The findings provide a deeper understanding of the barriers faced by women leaders and suggest strategies including gender-responsive leadership selection processes, family-friendly institutional policies, and gender mainstreaming units to support women’s advancement into senior administrative positions within Ghanaian Universities.
References
Abalkhail, J. M. (2019). Women's career development in an Arab Middle Eastern context. Human Resource Development International, 22(2), 177-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2018.1499377
Acker, J. (2012). Gendered organisations and intersectionality: Problems and possibilities. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, 31(3), 214-224. https://doi.org/10.1108/02610151211209072
Adapa, S., Rindfleish, J., & Sheridan, A. (2016). Doing gender in a regional context: Explaining women's absence from senior roles in regional accounting firms in Australia. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 35, 100-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2015.05.004
Adhabi, E. A., & Anozie, C. B. (2017). Literature review for the type of interview in qualitative research. International Journal of Education, 9(3), 86. https://doi.org/10.5296/ije.v9i3.11483
Adom, A. Y. (2017). Comparative study of leadership styles and competitiveness of SMEs: The case study of SMEs in Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Journal of Business and Management Science, 5(2), 67-71.
Adu-Oppong, A. A., Aikins, D. E., & Darko, M. G. (2017). The place of women in higher education management: A Ghanaian perspective. Global Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 6(1), 10-18. https://doi.org/10.24105/gjiss.6.1.1702
Advance HE. (2021). Staff statistical report 2021-Part 1: Staff Advance HE. https://www.advance-he.ac.uk/knowledge-hub/equality-higher-education-statistical-report-2021
Ainsworth, S., & Pekarek, A. (2022). Gender in human resources: Hiding in plain sight. Human Resource Management Journal, 32(4), 890-905.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12437
Allen, K. A., Butler-Henderson, K., Reupert, A., Longmuir, F., & Finefter-Rosenbluh, I. (2021). Work like a girl: Redressing gender inequality in academia through systemic solutions. Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice, 18(3), 14-29.
https://doi.org/10.53761/1.18.3.3
Amakye, S., Chimhutu, V., & Darkwah, E. (2021). Beyond the glass ceiling: An exploration of the experiences of female corporate organisational leaders in Ghana. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 32(7), 858-875. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2021.1970073
Anderson, E. A. B., Nonterah, N. K., Tayviah, M. M., Opoku Agyemang, S., & Mahami, R. (2023). It seems the women are taking over: Stereotyping around women in top-level leadership positions in Ghana universities. Agenda, 37(2), 74-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2023.2251814
Azevedo, L., Haupt, B. B., & Shi, W. (2023). Equitable and invisible mentoring program for women faculty. Journal of Public Affairs Education, 29(4), 441-461. https://doi.org/10.1080/15236803.2023.2245505
Boateng, F. K. (2018). Unfettering the ball and chain of gender discrimination: Gendered experiences of senior STEM women in Ghana. Cogent Education, 4(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2017.1418135
Boateng, J. S., Banham, V., Kosi, I., & Ayentimi, D. T. (2021). Socialisation and women's participation in governance: Exploring important themes from Ghana. International Journal of Gender Studies in Developing Societies, 4(1), 75-91.
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJGSDS.2021.112142
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Burkinshaw, P., Cahill, J., & Ford, J. (2018). Empirical evidence illuminating gendered regimes in UK higher education: Developing a new conceptual framework. Education Sciences, 8(8), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci8020081
Catalyst. (2019). Quick take: Women in management. https://catalyst.org
Chaleta, E., Saraiva, M., Leal, F., Fialho, I., & Borralho, A. (2021). Higher education sustainable development goals (SDG): Potential contributions to the undergraduate courses of the School of Social Sciences of the University of Evora. Sustainability, 13(8), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041828
Chan, E., & Di, D. (2024). Faithfully gendered? How religious attendance shapes views of women's leadership in politics and business cross-nationally. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World, 10(5). https://doi.org/10.1177/23780231241286377
Chance, N. L. (2022). Resilient leadership: A phenomenological exploration into how Black women in higher education leadership navigate cultural adversity. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 52(1), 44-78. https://doi.org/10.1177/00221678211003000
Chang, H., Longman, K. A., & Franco, M. A. (2014). Leadership development through mentoring in higher education: A collaborative autoethnography of leaders of colour. Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning, 22(4), 373-389.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13611267.2014.945734
Cheng, Z., & Zhu, C. (2021). Academic members' perceptions of educational leadership and perceived need for leadership capacity building in Chinese higher education institutions. Chinese Education and Society, 56(5-6), 171-189.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10611932.2021.1990621
Chinchilla, N., Leon, C., Torres, E., & Canela, M. A. (2006). Career inhibitors and career enablers for executive women. IESE Business School Working Paper, 632, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.918701
Chrisholm-Burns, M. A., Spivey, C. A., Hagermann, T., & Josephson, M. A. (2017). Women in leadership and the bewildering glass ceiling. Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 74(5), 312-324. https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp60930
Coetzee, M., & Moosa, M. (2020). Leadership contingencies in the retention of women in higher education. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(11), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v18i0.1326
CohenMiller, A., Hilton-Smith, T., Mazanderani, F., & Samuel, N. (2023). Reimagining higher education leadership through envisioning sources for agency. In A. CohenMiller (Ed.), Leading change in gender and diversity in higher education from margins to mainstream (pp. 1-4). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003286943-1
Coleman, M. (2019). Women leaders in the workplace: Perceptions of career barriers, facilitators and change. Irish Educational Studies, 39(2), 233-253. https://doi.org/10.1080/03323315.2019.1697952
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
Dahlvig, J. E., & Longman, K. A. (2021). Women's leadership in higher education: Addressing glass ceilings and sticky floors. In N. S. Niemi & M. B. Weaver-Hightower (Eds.), The Wiley Handbook of Gender Equity in Higher Education (pp. 25-52). Wiley-Blackwell.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119257639.ch2
Darko, R. A., & Seidu, M. (2016). Investigating barriers militating against women taking up coaching roles in Ghana. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health, 3(2), 80-82.
D'Ignazio, C., & Klein, L. F. (2020). Data feminism. MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11805.001.0001
Fazal, S., Naz, S., Khan, M. I., & Pedder, D. (2019). Barriers and enablers of women's academic careers in Pakistan. Asian Journal of Women's Studies, 25(2), 217-238. https://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2019.1667467
Fitzgerald, T. (2018). Looking good and being good: Senior women leaders in Australian universities. Education Sciences, 8(2), 54.
https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci8020054
Franklin, L. A. (2021). The lived experience of women participating in a women's higher education leadership development programme: A phenomenological study [Doctoral dissertation, University of Colorado].
Gandhi, M., & Sen, K. (2020). Missing women in Indian university leadership. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 49(2), 352-369. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143219896048
Gaus, N., Larada, N., Jamaluddin, S., Paramma, M. A., & Karim, A. (2023). Understanding the emergence of females as leaders in academia: The intersections of gender stereotypes, status and emotion. Higher Education Quarterly, 77(4), 693-708.
https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12426
Ghosh, D., & Barber, K. (2021). The gender of multiculturalism: Cultural tokenism and the institutional isolation of immigrant women faculty. Sociological Perspective, 64(6), 1063-1080. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731121420981098
Goy, S. C., Wong, Y. L., Low, S. N. M., Noor, Z., Fazli-Khalaf, N., Onyeneho, E., Daniel, S. A., Hasbullah, M., & Girika Uzoizwe, A. G. (2018). Swimming against the tide in STEM education and gender equality: A problem of recruitment or retention. Malaysian Studies in Higher Education, 43(11), 1793-1809. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2016.1277383
Hannum, K. M., Muhly, S. M., Shockley-Zalabat, P. S., & White, J. S. (2015). Women leaders within higher education in the United States: Supports, barriers, and experiences of being a senior leader. Advancing Women in Leadership, 35, 66-75.
https://doi.org/10.21423/awlj-v35.a129
Hart, J. (2016). Dissecting a gendered organisation: Implications for career trajectories for mid-career faculty women in STEM. The Journal of Higher Education, 87(5), 605-634. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2016.11777416
Heijstra, T. M., Einarsdóttir, G., Petursdottir, M., & Steinporsdottir, M. (2017). Testing the concept of academic housework in a European setting: Part of academic career-making or gendered barriers to the top. European Educational Research Journal, 16(2-3), 200-214.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1474904116668884
Holter, H., & Snickare, L. (Eds.). (2022). Gender equality in academia: From knowledge to change. Cappelen Damm Akademisk.
Ibarra, H. (2015). Act like a leader, think like a leader. Harvard Business Review Press.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ltl.20203
Kataeva, Z. (2022). Gender and the navigation of STEM careers in higher education institutions: Narratives of female faculty in post-Soviet Tajikistan. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 54(1), 55-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2022.2078954
Kipkosgei, E. (2021). Career positioning pedestal: Women scaling the leadership ladder in higher education institutions, Kenya. International Journal of Recent Research in Commerce, Economics and Management, 8(1), 162-179.
Koenig, A. M., Eagly, A. H., Mitchell, A. A., & Ristikari, T. (2011). Are leader stereotypes masculine? A meta-analysis of three research paradigms. Psychological Bulletin, 137(4), 616-642. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023557
Lamba, Y. (2023). Researching migrant street children in Delhi: Ethical considerations in practice. Ethics and Social Welfare, 17(4), 436-448.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17496535.2023.2200896
Longman, K. A., Drenan, A., Beam, J., & Marble, F. A. (2019). The secret sauce: How development relationships shape the leadership journeys of women in Christian higher education. Christian Higher Education, 18(1-2), 54-77.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15363759.2018.1547031
Maheshwari, G. (2023). A review of literature on women's leadership in higher education in developed countries and in Vietnam: Barriers and enablers. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 51(5), 1067-1086.
https://doi.org/10.1177/17411432211021418
Mankayi, M., & Cheteni, P. (2021). Experiences of female deans in a South African university: A phenomenological study. Cogent Education, 8(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2021.1981199
Mata, S. (2019). Discourses of a cancer diagnosis: Narratives of women in academia. Journal of Women and Gender in Higher Education, 12(1), 125-141. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407882.2018.1533480
Mbakanma, I., & Strydom, K. (2022). Challenges to and enablers of women's advancement in academic careers at a selected South African university. International Journal of Learning, Teaching, and Educational Research, 21(12), 44-64.
https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.21.12.3
Morgan, A. C., Way, S. F., Hoefer, M. J., Larremore, D. B., Galetic, M., & Clauset, A. (2021). The unequal impact of parenthood in academia. Science Advances, 7(9), eabd1996. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd1996
Mousa, M. (2021). From intersectionality to substantive representation: Determinants of the representation of women faculty in academic contexts: Voice of Egyptian academic leaders. International Journal of Public Administration. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2021.1990317
Nogueiro, T., Saraivo, M., Jorge, F., & Chaleta, F. (2022). The Erasmus + programme and sustainable development goals: Contributions of mobility actions in higher education. Sustainability, 14(3), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031628
O'Connell, C., & McKinnon, M. (2021). Perceptions of barriers to career progressions for academic women in societies. Societies, 11(2), 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc11020027
O'Connor, P. (2019). Creating gendered change in Irish higher education: Is managerial leadership up to task? Irish Educational Studies, 30(2), 139-155. https://doi.org/10.1080/03323315.2019.1697951
Ofori-Birikorang, A. B., Ofori-Birikorang, A., & Amo-Mensah, M. (2025). Masculine arenas, marginalised women and public discourse: Gendering radio morning talk shows in Ghana. African Journal of Applied Research, 11(7), 206-227.
https://doi.org/10.26437/sc5qhh34
Ogunode, N. J., Tsevenda, M., Adelagun, R. O. A., & Omoyeni, A. D. (2023). Contributions of women academics to the development of tertiary education in Nigeria. American Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies, 1(10), 569-575.
https://doi.org/10.47134/ijdpr.v1i1.1
Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (4th ed.). Sage.
Qadhi, S., Du, X., Chaaban, Y., Al-Hani, H., & Floyd, A. (2023). The role identities of women middle management academic leaders in STEM higher education. European Journal of Engineering Education, 49(5), 1-17.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03043797.2023.2263377
Read, B., & Kehm, B. M. (2016). Women as leaders of higher education institutions: A British-German comparison. Studies in Higher Education, 41(5), 815-827. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2016.1147727
Redmond, D., Gutke, H., Galligan, L., Howard, A., & Newman, T. (2017). Becoming a female leader in higher education: Investigations from a regional university. Gender and Education, 29(3), 332-351. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2016.1156063
Samela, T., Bekele, H., & Abraham, R. (2017). Navigating the river Nile: The chronicles of female academics in Ethiopian higher education. Gender and Education, 32(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2017.1400522
Taser-Erdogan, D. (2022). Career advancement of women: Applying a multi-level relational perspective in the context of Turkish banking organisation. Human Relations, 75(6), 1053-1083. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267211002244
Tessens, L., White, K., & Webb, C. (2011). Senior women in higher education institutions: Perceived development needs and support. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 33(6), 653-665. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2011.621191
Thelma, C. C., & Ngulube, L. (2024). Women in leadership: Examining barriers to women's advancement in leadership positions. Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports, 18(6), 273-290. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajarr/2024/v18i6671
Thomson, A., Palmen, R., Reidl, S., Barnard, S., Beranek, S., Dainty, A. R. J., & Hassan, T. M. (2022). Fostering collaborative approaches to gender equality interventions in higher education and research: The case of transnational and multinational communities of practice. Journal of Gender Studies, 31(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2021.1935804
Voronina, A. O. (2002). Sociocultural determinants of the development of gender theory in Russia and in the West. Russian Social Science Review, 43(4), 30-47. https://doi.org/10.2753/RSS1061-1428430430
Wang, T. (2025). Demystifying underrepresentation of women leaders in higher education: Comparative perspectives on gender-based leadership barriers and gender equality. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 56(2), 274-293. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2025.2500300
West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. (2009). Accounting for doing gender. Gender and Society, 23(1), 112-122.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243208326529
Westoby, C., Dyson, J., Cowdell, F., & Buescher, T. (2021). What are the barriers and facilitators to success for female academics in UK higher education institutions: A narrative review. Gender and Education, 33(8), 1033-1056. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2021.1884198
https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2021.1884198
White, K., & Burkinshaw, P. (2019). Special issue on women and leadership in higher education. Social Sciences, 8(204), 1-7.
https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8070204
World Health Organisation. (2021). Gender and health. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/gender#tab=tab_1
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research: Design and methods (6th ed.). Sage.
Yoder, J. (2001). Making leadership work more effectively for women. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), 815-828.
https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00243
Yousaf, R., & Schmeide, R. (2017). Barriers to women's representation in academic excellence and positions of power. Asian Journal of German and European Studies, 2(2), 1-11.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Abigail Adwoa Anooh Hagan, Mavis Amo-Mensah (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.












